The world is littered with wars in which innocent individual human beings, helpless groups of persons and harmless institutions are casualties because they are directly or indirectly targeted and attacked. The nature or composition of such casualties calls for a revision of, or at least leads one to question, the dominant approach to the principle of non-combatant immunity. In the just war theory, moral and political philosophers mostly approach the theorisation about the principle of the immunity of non-combatants from what may be termed the individualist approach. In this approach, combatants and non-combatants are conventionally conceived as individual human beings only, or groups of persons. Consequently, the approach cannot show us how institutions cause or participate in war, and it cannot tell us how institutions should be treated in war, whether they should be treated as combatants or non-combatants, and when they should be treated as combatants or non-combatants. For this reason, the individualist approach is insufficient. However, in what may be referred to as the institutional approach, combatants and non-combatants can also be conceived as institutions rather than individuals or groups of persons. If this is the case, then arguments for and against the immunity of non-combatants can be proffered based on this institutional conception. This article contends that we need to supplement the individualist approach with the institutional approach to be able to: (i) ascertain the causal, constitutive, contributory and participatory roles of certain institutions in a particular war; and (ii) determine whether they are legitimate targets of attack.

中文翻译：

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个人主义对待非战斗人员豁免权原则的问题

在世界上到处都是战争，无辜的个人，无助的人群和无害的机构都是伤亡，因为他们被直接或间接地作为目标并受到攻击。这种伤亡的性质或构成要求对非战斗豁免原则的主要方法进行修改，或至少引起质疑。在正义战争理论中，道德和政治哲学家大多采用关于非战斗人员免于所谓个人主义方法豁免原则的理论。在这种方法中，战斗人员和非战斗人员通常仅被视为个人或一群人。因此，这种方法无法向我们展示机构如何引发或参与战争，也无法告诉我们在战争中应如何对待机构，是否应将其视为战斗员或非战斗员，以及何时应将其视为战斗员或非战斗员。因此，个人主义的方法是不够的。但是，在所谓的体制方法中，战斗人员和非战斗人员也可以被视为机构而不是个人或团体。如果是这种情况，则可以基于这种制度构想提出支持和反对非战斗人员豁免权的论点。本文认为，我们需要以制度方法来补充个人主义方法，以便：（i）确定某些机构在特定战争中的因果，构成，贡献和参与作用；（ii）确定它们是否是合法的攻击目标。