ABSTRACT The history of colonialism in Africa is often portrayed as a confrontation between black Africans and white Europeans, but African adoption of black solidarity as a feature of their liberation movements was a gradual process. Scholars have sometimes traced the beginning of that process in southern Africa to the ‘Ethiopian’ church movements of 1880–1910, particularly in the ways that they were encouraged by African-American resistance to racism in the United States. Cases of Christian independency in Tswana chiefdoms during that time, however, were shaped more by local forces than by the Pan Africanism that was arising in European-controlled towns, and they are better understood as products of nineteenth-century Tswana politics than as early examples of twentieth-century African nationalism.

中文翻译：

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在黑人手中：茨瓦纳酋长和 1880-1910 年的埃塞俄比亚教会运动

摘要 非洲殖民主义的历史常常被描绘成非洲黑人和欧洲白人之间的对抗，但非洲将黑人团结作为其解放运动的一个特征是一个渐进的过程。学者们有时将这一进程在南部非洲的开始追溯到 1880 年至 1910 年的“埃塞俄比亚”教会运动，特别是他们受到美国非裔美国人对种族主义的抵制的鼓舞。然而，当时茨瓦纳酋长领地的基督教独立案例更多地是由当地力量塑造的，而不是由欧洲控制的城镇中出现的泛非主义所塑造的，并且它们被更好地理解为 19 世纪茨瓦纳政治的产物，而不是早期的例子二十世纪非洲民族主义。