What is the Russian-Jewish Avant-Garde? How can it be defined in recent scholarly bibliography? The suggestive Jewish element in Russian Modernism was always, quite heavily (and at times playfully), pronounced. The term, then, represents an umbrella concept that unites both currents within the Russian Jewish community, the religious and the secular, in the perspective of its tortuous history. Secular Jewish art flourished in St. Petersburg, where Leon Bakst was one of the major names along with artists such as Marc Chagall, Alexander Romm, and Sofia Dymshitz. A timid modernist, Leonid Pasternak might be mentioned here as an occasional character, too, along with Iosif Shkolnik and the group “Union of Youth.” A special episode of Russian-Jewish Avant-Garde relates to France and Paris. This historical cluster, all part of the School of Paris, featured a variety of names, including Ossip Zadkine, Jacques Lipschitz, Hannah Orlova, and Emmanuel Mane-Katz, all of whom had undeniable biographical ties with Russia.

中文翻译：

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俄罗斯 - 犹太前卫的隐藏乐趣花园

什么是俄罗斯犹太前卫？在最近的学术参考书目中如何定义它？俄罗斯现代主义中暗示性的犹太元素总是很明显（有时甚至很有趣）。因此，该术语代表了一个总括性概念，从其曲折历史的角度来看，它将俄罗斯犹太社区内的宗教和世俗这两种潮流统一起来。世俗犹太艺术在圣彼得堡蓬勃发展，莱昂·巴克斯特 (Leon Bakst) 与马克·夏加尔 (Marc Chagall)、亚历山大·罗姆 (Alexander Romm) 和索菲亚·戴姆希茨 (Sofia Dymshitz) 等艺术家一起成为主要人物之一。胆小的现代主义者列昂尼德·帕斯捷尔纳克 (Leonid Pasternak) 也可能会在此处偶尔提及，还有 Iosif Shkolnik 和“青年联盟”团体。俄罗斯-犹太前卫的特辑与法国和巴黎有关。这个历史集群，都是巴黎学校的一部分，