ABSTRACT The establishment of the Soviet Union was unplanned and unexpected. Originally, Vladimir Lenin formed a two-stage plan – Sovietise Ukraine and Belarus as ostensibly independent states, then merge them into Soviet Russia as autonomous units. Local Bolsheviks initially supported this plan. However, to counteract foreign, mainly Polish, support for the émigré Ukrainian and Belarusian People’s republics, Moscow decided in early 1920 to postpone the planned merger indefinitely, granting the two Soviet republics some attributes of formal independence. The fallout from the Soviet-Polish peace process of 1920–1921 then compounded the effect of these measures on local Bolsheviks. As a result, the republics started to appreciate independence. By 1922, they attempted to act independently, even in foreign policy, which Moscow could hardly tolerate. Yet, local Bolsheviks vehemently opposed Joseph Stalin’s proposal to remedy the situation by proceeding with the long-delayed merger. Fearing that a forcible union might result in an irreparable rift between Moscow and the republics, Lenin decided to change his original plan and establish the Soviet Union. It was a compromise formula, where the republics retained their ostensible independence and the Centre exercised unquestioned authority.

中文翻译：

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外交政策作为建立苏联的一个因素：乌克兰和白俄罗斯的案例

摘要 苏联的成立是无计划的和出乎意料的。最初，弗拉基米尔·列宁制定了一个两阶段的计划——将乌克兰和白俄罗斯苏维埃化为表面上独立的国家，然后将它们并入苏维埃俄罗斯作为自治单位。当地布尔什维克最初支持这一计划。然而，为了抵消外国（主要是波兰人）对移民乌克兰和白俄罗斯人民共和国的支持，莫斯科于 1920 年初决定无限期推迟计划中的合并，给予这两个苏联加盟共和国一些正式独立的属性。1920-1921 年苏波和平进程的影响随后加剧了这些措施对当地布尔什维克的影响。结果，共和国开始欣赏独立。到 1922 年，他们试图独立行动，即使在莫斯科难以容忍的外交政策方面也是如此。然而，当地布尔什维克强烈反对约瑟夫·斯大林提出的通过进行拖延已久的合并来纠正这种情况的提议。列宁担心强行联合可能会导致莫斯科与各加盟共和国之间出现无法弥补的裂痕，因此决定改变原定计划，建立苏联。这是一个折衷方案，共和国保持其表面上的独立性，而中央行使无可置疑的权威。