Abstract Reindeer scapulae are widely incorporated into Indigenous lifeways across the Circumpolar North, especially as hide working tools, fish knives, and divination devices. This article addresses the histories of this particular skeletal element at the Iron Age settlement site of Iarte VI on the Iamal Peninsula, Arctic Siberia. Scapula tools are the most abundant group of implements recovered from the site. These implements, which were only used in Iamal from the 11th to 14th centuries CE, have so far been documented only at Iarte VI and one other site on the peninsula. Their particular forms are not currently known outside the region. We examine how this one element was separated from other parts of the body, which scapulae were chosen for tool production, and how they were transformed into implements. These tools appear to have been used for softening and straightening reindeer skin straps for ropes and lassos, a task now undertaken on the peninsula entirely by men. Drawing upon published accounts and our own ethnographic research with Nenets, we discuss how reindeer scapulae are embedded into perceptions of wild and domestic reindeer, used as hide-working tools, and involved in a variety of social and material practices in this region.

中文翻译：

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北极西伯利亚伊马尔半岛驯鹿肩s骨的可变历史

摘要驯鹿肩cap骨被广泛地引入到极地北部的土著人的生活方式中，特别是用作生皮加工工具，鱼刀和占卜装置。本文介绍了北极西伯利亚伊马尔半岛艾阿特六世铁器时代定居点这一特殊骨骼元素的历史。肩cap骨工具是从现场回收的最丰富的工具。这些工具仅在公元11至14世纪的伊马勒（Iamal）中使用，迄今为止，仅在艾尔特六世（Iarte VI）和半岛上的另一个地点记录了这些工具。它们的特殊形式目前在该地区以外尚不清楚。我们研究了如何将这一元素与身体的其他部分分离，选择了哪些肩骨来进行工具生产以及如何将其转化为工具。这些工具似乎已用于软化和拉直绳索和套索的驯鹿皮表带，这是现在半岛上完全由男人承担的任务。利用已发表的论文和我们与Nenets的人种学研究，我们讨论了驯鹿肩cap骨如何被嵌入野生和驯鹿驯鹿的观念中，用作制皮工具，并参与该地区的各种社会和物质实践。