ABSTRACT Through a reading of Kant’s essay, “An Old Question Raised Again: Is the Human Race Constantly Progressing?”, I argue that Kant’s political philosophy fails to adequately engage with the political event in itself, and that Kant’s so-called political writings only provide a theory of the social sphere. First, I present the Kantian political subject as an antinomy between the metaphysically grounded spectator and the physically situated actor. Second, I show that Kant tries to solve the antinomy between the actor and the spectator by attributing primacy to the judgement of the spectator. Third, I show that this move fails because it removes from political judgment what ultimately defines the political, i.e. plurality, spontaneity, and action. I conclude that rather than a theory of the sphere of political life, what Kant achieves is the thinking out of a theory of society (Gesellschaft).

中文翻译：

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康德政治著作中的形而上学旁观者与社会生活领域

摘要通过阅读康德的论文“再提出一个老问题：人类正在不断进步吗？”，我认为康德的政治哲学未能充分参与自身的政治事件，而康德仅是所谓的政治著作提供社会领域的理论。首先，我提出了康德政治主题，作为形而上学的旁观者和实际演员之间的对立。其次，我证明了康德试图通过将首要性归因于观众的判断来解决演员与观众之间的对立。第三，我表明这一举动是失败的，因为它从政治判断中删除了最终定义政治的东西，即多元性，自发性和行动。我的结论是，与其说是政治生活领域的理论，不如说是