ABSTRACT After almost 20 years with Resolution 1325 and the ‘women, peace and security’ agenda, the results achieved seem rather disappointing. This article analyses how the global gender norms laid out in Resolution 1325 have been translated into practice in a local post-conflict setting – Rwanda as a ‘best-case’ scenario on gender equality. Drawing on the theoretical literature on norm translation and the concepts of friction and flows, together with fieldwork-based research, the article analyses how international and national actors in Rwanda have reshaped and adapted the principles laid out in Resolution 1325. The main argument is that the processes of norm translation in Rwanda are characterised less by flows and more by friction and uneven processes of translation. The article concludes that the predominant successes are the inclusion of women in decision-making and at the lower levels in the security sector. However, women are still excluded, and gender issues marginalised, in the ‘big’ negotiations on peace and security, and high levels of violence against women persist.

中文翻译：

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摩擦还是流动？将第1325号决议付诸实践在卢旺达

摘要经过近20年的第1325号决议和“妇女，和平与安全”议程，取得的成果似乎令人失望。本文分析了在冲突后当地如何将第1325号决议中规定的全球性别规范转化为实践-卢旺达是性别平等的“最佳案例”。文章利用有关规范​​翻译的理论文献以及摩擦和流动的概念，再加上基于实地调查的研究，分析了卢旺达的国际和国家行为者如何重塑和改编了第1325号决议中规定的原则。卢旺达的规范翻译过程的特点是流量少，翻译过程中的摩擦和不均匀性更多。该文章的结论是，主要的成功是妇女参与决策和安全部门的较低层级。但是，在关于和平与安全的“大”谈判中，妇女仍然被排除在外，性别问题被边缘化了，对妇女的暴力行为仍然很高。