ABSTRACT

The first globalisation, in the decades around 1900, was propelled by free-standing companies. This article discusses the establishment of a Norwegian free-standing company in Russia in 1910. It was the culmination of an eastwards movement from the Norwegian forest industry that went through Sweden and Finland before reaching Russia. The article discusses who controlled the company, and how this changed over time. It makes two main contributions to the literature. Firstly, how a family network can solve some of the puzzles free-standing companies have posed to theories of international business, especially regarding the origins and internalisation of ownership advantages. Secondly, it shows that, although free-standing companies were important for the first global economy, they were also integral to the deglobalization that followed.

摘要

独立的公司推动了大约1900年左右的几十年的第一次全球化。本文讨论了1910年在俄罗斯建立挪威独立公司的情况。这是挪威林业向东方运动的高潮，该运动在到达俄罗斯之前先后穿过瑞典和芬兰。本文讨论了谁控制了公司，以及随着时间的变化。它对文学做出了两个主要贡献。首先，家族网络如何解决独立公司的一些难题，这对国际业务理论构成了困扰，尤其是在所有权优势的起源和内部化方面。其次，它表明，尽管独立公司对第一个全球经济很重要，但它们对于随后的去全球化也是必不可少的。