When describing the essential features of the Russian peasantry, Gorky draws attention to the concepts of cruelty and, as a result, pity, which are necessary for understanding its actions. Cruelty, which goes hand in hand with the use of violence and power, is one of the existentials of the people’s being. This being spreads across the vast expanses of the Russian Empire, which is characterized as a non-state formation, that is, as a formation not oriented toward the consolidation of a single ethnos, one with a multiethnic territory, with servitude (serfdom), and with hybrid leadership. The ability to order people around contributes to the creation of a model of hybrid power: this model, oriented toward the emergence of a “new people” implicitly subordinate to the sole ruler, led to the emergence of Europeanized slaves and slaveowners who made use of and at the same time strongly opposed entry into the stable life of new classes and estates.

中文翻译：

---

高尔基论残酷与怜悯作为人的存在

在描述俄罗斯农民的基本特征时，高尔基提请注意残酷和可惜的概念，这对于理解其行动是必不可少的。残酷与使用暴力和权力齐头并进，是人民存在的存在之一。它散布在俄罗斯帝国的广阔土地上，其特征是非国家组织，即不面向巩固单一民族，具有多民族领土，奴役（农奴制）的民族，并拥有混合领导力。命令周围人的能力有助于创建混合动力模型：这种模型的方向是隐性地服从于唯一统治者的“新人民”的出现，