ABSTRACT

Historiography on the Red Power era has to-date largely focused on the direct action protests of the American Indian Movement, while overlooking the continuing political lobbying and transnational work of more moderate Native rights organisations. This article argues that the National Congress of American Indians in the U.S. and the National Indian Brotherhood in Canada rhetorically challenged the U.S.-Canada border, even establishing a Joint Agreement to foster collaboration across it. However, while their leaders purported to challenge nation-state borders, in practice the collaboration between the two organisations adhered to the settler-colonial structures dominant in North America. Shaped by these federal ties, the exchange was ultimately unable to achieve its aim of working towards self-determination through mutual cooperation. Moderate Indigenous organisations remain dependent on federal structures to operate, thus limiting their ability to effectively organise across settler-state borders.

摘要

迄今为止，关于红色力量时代的史学主要集中在美洲印第安人运动的直接行动抗议上，而忽视了温和的土著权利组织的持续政治游说和跨国工作。本文认为，美国的美洲印第安人全国代表大会和加拿大的加拿大全国印第安人兄弟会在口头上挑战了美加边界，甚至建立了一项联合协议以促进跨加拿大的合作。然而，尽管他们的领导人声称要挑战民族国家边界，但实际上，这两个组织之间的合作坚持了在北美占主导地位的定居者殖民结构。受这些联邦关系的影响，该交易所最终无法实现通过相互合作实现自决的目标。