Abstract Pension funds, namely survivors' pension funds were established in Portugal in the late 18th century, in mutual benefit societies. The first Portuguese life assurance companies were created in the first half of the 19th century but their activity was not very extensive. Only in the 20th century did both institutions become actuarially-based. In this paper, we provide an overview of the development of actuarial calculus in Portugal until the late 19th century, in order to contextualise the scientific progress of those institutions, mainly the former. This paper lays the groundwork for further research on the history of actuarial calculus in Portugal.

中文翻译：

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葡萄牙直到 19 世纪末精算学的历史概览

摘要 养老基金，即遗属养老基金，于 18 世纪后期在葡萄牙建立，互惠互利社会。第一家葡萄牙人寿保险公司成立于 19 世纪上半叶，但他们的活动并不广泛。直到 20 世纪，这两个机构才开始以精算为基础。在本文中，我们概述了葡萄牙直到 19 世纪后期精算微积分的发展，以便将这些机构（主要是前者）的科学进步置于背景之中。本文为进一步研究葡萄牙精算学的历史奠定了基础。