Abstract Digital intermediaries such as Facebook and Twitter have the power to remove extreme or harmful speech from their platforms after individual users have “flagged” that speech. Such power over the public discourse in the hands of individuals and digital intermediaries raises concerns for online freedom of expression. This article asks: how can First Amendment principles be applied to assess this system of private governance of extreme speech? This article argues that Lee Bollinger’s tolerance theory offers the best interpretation of First Amendment principles to apply to assessing this system due to its unique focus on individual intolerance toward extreme speech.

中文翻译：

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网络交流和宽容理论的重现：公民对极端言语和私人治理的在线教育

摘要在个人用户“标记”该语音之后，诸如Facebook和Twitter之类的数字中介机构有权从其平台中删除极端或有害的语音。个人和数字中介机构掌握公共话语权的这种情况引起了人们对在线表达自由的关注。本文问：如何将第一修正案原则应用于评估这种极端言论的私人治理体系？本文认为，Lee Bollinger的宽容理论提供了对《第一修正案》原则的最佳诠释，因为它特别关注个人对极端言语的不宽容，因此可用于评估该系统。