This is a highly readable, hybrid popularacademic study of the London Foundling Hospital and the long-term fate of the foundlings between the mid-eighteenth and the mid-nineteenth centuries. Berry looks beyond London and Britain to place philanthropy within its widest context and highlights the links between the charity, the country, and its empire. It is this focus on Britain’s two empires – its ‘first’, the American colonies and West Indies, and its ‘second’, Canada and India – that marks out this account of the London Foundling Hospital from others, as well as the fact that, rather than the mothers, Berry considers foundling education and apprenticeship. The book opens with the interlinked story of George King and the building of Trafalgar Square: George was one of the Foundling Hospital’s ‘orphans’ who had fought at the Battle of Trafalgar and he was invited to the opening of Trafalgar Square in 1844. Uniquely, he wrote an autobiography and Berry weaves his recollections as ‘a single, precious thread’ throughout the book, along with those of his best friend, Henry Rivington, while ‘other foundling voices join his in smaller, broken whispers’ (p. ix) since they left far fewer traces behind. The book begins by describing Britain’s empire and the ‘fiscal-military state’ at home. There were numerous charitable responses to poverty in the ‘inner empire’ of urban areas, and such impulses were increasingly extensive in London from the mid-eighteenth century. One was the Foundling Hospital, established by Thomas Coram, a ‘footsoldier of empire’ (p. 28), mariner, shipwright, and procurer of supplies to H.M. Navy. It was a fashionable cause, part, not only of the philanthropic fabric, but also of the cultural milieu as the first public art gallery – including gifts of Hogarth’s etchings and paintings – and archive of Handel’s musical scores. Governors and patrons also had links to empire and the slave trade. The most important governor, Jonas Hanway, supported the Marine Society, which provided clothing for adolescent boys to join the Navy (1756) and he used what he learned from the system of country nursing used by the Hospital to ensure it was extended to other children under the poor law (1762, 1767). Most infants admitted to the Hospital were not orphans but were a mixture of the infants of poor married couples and (mostly) unmarried mothers, as well as children without parents. They became children of the Hospital on being baptised or, indeed, re-baptised, upon entry. Despite the best of intentions of the Foundling Hospital the life chances of the children were poor: of the 15,000 or so admitted in the ‘General Reception’ period when all infants were received 7090 per cent died. The Hospital had an

中文翻译：

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海伦贝瑞，帝国的孤儿：伦敦弃儿的命运

这是一篇关于伦敦弃儿医院和 18 世纪中叶至 19 世纪中叶弃儿的长期命运的高度可读、混合的流行学术研究。贝瑞的目光超越了伦敦和英国，将慈善事业置于其最广泛的背景下，并强调了慈善事业、国家和帝国之间的联系。正是这种对英国的两个帝国的关注——它的“第一”，美洲殖民地和西印度群岛，以及它的“第二”，加拿大和印度——标志着伦敦弃儿医院的这种描述与其他人的不同，以及，而不是母亲，贝瑞考虑弃儿教育和学徒。这本书以乔治·金和特拉法加广场的建设相互关联的故事开篇：乔治是曾在特拉法加战役中战斗的弃儿医院的“孤儿”之一，他被邀请参加 1844 年特拉法加广场的开幕式。他写了一本自传，贝瑞将他的回忆编织成“一条珍贵的线”在整本书中，连同他最好的朋友亨利·里文顿 (Henry Rivington) 的声音，而“其他弃儿的声音加入了他的小声、破碎的低语”（第 9 页），因为他们留下的痕迹要少得多。这本书首先描述了英国的帝国和国内的“财政-军事国家”。在城市地区的“内部帝国”中，有许多针对贫困的慈善响应，从 18 世纪中叶开始，这种冲动在伦敦越来越广泛。一个是由“帝国步兵”（第 28 页）、水手、船匠、以及为 HM 海军采购补给品。这是一个时尚的事业，不仅是慈善组织的一部分，也是作为第一个公共艺术画廊的文化环境的一部分——包括霍加斯的版画和绘画的礼物——以及亨德尔的乐谱档案。总督和赞助人也与帝国和奴隶贸易有关。最重要的州长乔纳斯·汉威 (Jonas Hanway) 支持海洋协会，该协会为青少年男孩加入海军提供衣服 (1756 年)，他利用从医院使用的乡村护理系统中学到的知识来确保将其扩展到其他儿童根据穷法 (1762, 1767)。入院的大多数婴儿不是孤儿，而是由贫困已婚夫妇和（大多数）未婚母亲以及没有父母的孩子混合而成的。他们在接受洗礼后成为医院的孩子，甚至在入境时重新洗礼。尽管弃儿医院的意图是最好的，但孩子们的生命机会很差：在“一般接待”期间接收所有婴儿的大约 15,000 名儿童中，有 7090% 的人死亡。医院有一个