The rare noun and adjective tramontane and tramontain (“north”), cognates of the medieval Latin transmontanus, are Italianisms in Old and Middle French, meaning primarily “Pole Star” and “north wind,” and then, but only very occasionally, simply “north”: indeed, the very formation of the word implies a world view anchored in an Italian perspective, since the mountains in question, over which the wind will blow and the Pole Star may be seen, are the Alps, to the north. The Italian reflex of transmontanus, tramontana, primarily means simply “north” in early Italian texts. It is surely not, then, coincidental that the earliest attestations of tramontane in French are in Brunetto Latini and Marco Polo, two Italian writers of French, and that both use tramontane to indicate simply the direction “north,” rather than the Pole Star or a wind. (14)

中文翻译：

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接触区的中世纪文学

稀有的名词和形容词“ tramontane”和“ tramontain”（“北方”）是中世纪拉丁文transmontanus的同源词，是古法语和中古法语中的意大利语，主要是“北极星”和“北风”，然后（但偶尔）仅是“北部”：的确，这个词的字面含义意味着以意大利视角为基础的世界观，因为所讨论的山脉是北面的阿尔卑斯山，风将吹过，可以看到极星。Transmontanus的意大利反射，tramontana，在早期的意大利文字中主要表示“北”。因此，肯定不会偶然的是，法语中的tramontane的最早证明来自两名法语的意大利作家Brunetto Latini和Marco Polo，并且两者都使用tramontane来简单地指示“北”的方向，而不是极星或风。（14）