Abstract

The article shows how stigmatization of misspelling predated modern German and Russian orthographies and how this attitude was imported to Russia from Prussia in the 19th century. Rules were difficult to learn and to teach, making mistakes inevitable. Grading based on the number of errors helped to control and discipline students and to manage teachers. The repressive nature of mass, compulsory schools was both a product of and a hindrance to modernity gaining strength internationally.

中文翻译：

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19日和20世纪初，对德语和俄语语言中拼写错误的态度正在发生变化。

摘要

这篇文章显示了在现代德国和俄罗斯拼字法之前如何对错误拼写进行污名化，以及这种态度是如何在19世纪从普鲁士传入俄罗斯的。规则很难学习和教,，不可避免地会犯错误。根据错误数量进行评分有助于控制和约束学生并管理老师。大众义务学校的压制性质既是现代性的产物，也是现代在国际上获得力量的障碍。