This paper examines James Hanley’s novel The Ocean (1941). The novel falls into the genre of open-boat stories, of which several modernist examples exist. Hanley interrogates and develops modernist concerns established in previous texts such as Stephen Crane’s ‘The Open Boat’ (1897). Hanley’s working-class context and his reference to the events of World War II are key to understanding how he differs from Crane. Specifically, Hanley includes an incident where a lifeboat is machine-gunned by a submarine. Some historical context is provided for this incident, and this paper suggests its importance in terms of a modernist preoccupation with meaninglessness. This paper pays special attention to Hanley’s use of shifting narrative perspectives in order to examine psychological trauma. In part, this paper argues that Hanley’s radical materialism distinguishes him from other modernist writers of the ocean such as Stephen Crane, and, more generally, Joseph Conrad.

中文翻译：

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詹姆斯·汉利的《海洋》中的现代主义怀疑

本文考察了詹姆斯·汉利的小说《海洋》（1941 年）。这部小说属于开船故事的类型，其中存在几个现代主义的例子。汉利质疑并发展了在史蒂芬·克兰 (Stephen Crane) 的“开船”(1897) 等先前文本中建立的现代主义关注点。Hanley 的工人阶级背景和他对二战事件的提及是理解他与 Crane 有何不同的关键。具体来说，汉利包括一艘救生艇被潜艇用机枪射击的事件。为这一事件提供了一些历史背景，本文从现代主义对无意义的关注角度表明了其重要性。本文特别关注汉利使用不断变化的叙事视角来检验心理创伤。部分地，