ABSTRACT

This introductory essay provides a framing for and an overview of the papers contained in this special issue of the Educational Assessment journal. In it the author begins with a brief description of the history of classroom observation tools, and then articulates a rationale for observation protocols that target formative assessment. Examining similarities and differences across the protocols, the author orients the reader to the approaches to classroom observation that are the focus of the special issue.

中文翻译：

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观察形成性评估实践：通过验证学习经验教训

摘要

这篇介绍性文章为“教育评估”这一期特刊中的论文提供了框架和概述。在本文中，作者首先简要介绍了课堂观察工具的历史，然后阐述了针对形成性评估的观察方案的基本原理。通过研究协议之间的异同，作者使读者了解了课堂观察的方法，这是本期特刊的重点。