ABSTRACT

Scholastique Mukasonga’s testimonial memoirs document the environmental conditions of forced resettlement within Rwanda in the decades prior to the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi. Inyenzi ou Les cafards (2006) and La femme aux pieds nus (2008) attest to a form of ‘internal’ exile on coffee-growing paysannats—government-sponsored farms introduced in the colonial period. In this article, I contextualise the Belgian administration’s interest in settling Bugesera in light of continuing economic and colonial-scientific investment in agronomy and agricultural development. I map the intensification of this ‘agricultural coloniality’ in the context of post-independence Hutu nationalism, in which ‘development’ is linked to the coffee economy, neo-colonial involvements based on Francophonie, and the cleansing of ‘invasive’ Tutsi pastoralists from the national landscape. This history illuminates Mukasonga’s premonitory construction of genocide memory, in which colonial models of rationalisation, resettlement, and forced cultivation anticipate both the 1994 genocide and the social cleansing of Tutsi in the early 1960s. ‘Spectres’ of the genocidal implications of development, linguistic reminders of social exclusion, and dehumanising metaphors of eradication as environmental management permeate the memoirs and resonate with a broader colonial topos of development-as-eradication, namely, attempts to eradicate tsetse flies in Bugesera through pesticide spraying and instrumentalised Tutsi resettlement.

摘要

Scholastique Mukasonga 的推荐回忆录记录了在 1994 年针对图西族的种族灭绝之前的几十年里，卢旺达境内被迫重新安置的环境条件。Inyenzi ou Les cafards (2006) 和La femme auxpieds nus ( 2008) 证明了一种对种植咖啡的paysannats的“内部”流放形式——殖民时期引进的政府资助的农场。在本文中，鉴于对农学和农业发展的持续经济和殖民科学投资，我将比利时政府对解决布格塞拉的兴趣置于背景之中。我在独立后胡图族民族主义的背景下描绘了这种“农业殖民化”的加剧，其中“发展”与咖啡经济、基于法语国家的新殖民主义的参与以及从“入侵”图西族牧民中清除国家景观。这段历史阐明了穆卡松加对种族灭绝记忆的初步构建，其中合理化、重新安置和强制耕种的殖民模式预测了 1994 年的种族灭绝和 1960 年代初期图西族的社会清洗。