ABSTRACT Many reports document the hardships experienced by refugees, highlighting that women and children are a highly vulnerable group. However, empirical analysis of how gender inequality impacts poverty among refugees is limited. We combine registration data for Syrian refugees in Jordan collected by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees with data from its Home Visit surveys to analyze income poverty rates among refugee households. We use an approach that captures the disruption to household structures that results from displacement to evaluate the poverty impacts, comparing refugee households with male and female principal applicants (PAs). We find that distinguishing between different types of principal applicant households is important. Half of the female PAs for nonnuclear households live below the poverty line compared to only one-fifth of male PAs for nonnuclear household. PAs who are widows and widowers also face high poverty risks. Households that have formed because of the unpredictable dynamics of forced displacement, such as unaccompanied children and single caregivers, emerge as extremely vulnerable groups. We show that differences in household composition and individual attributes of male and female PAs are not the only factors driving increased poverty risk. Gender-specific barriers which prevent women accessing labor markets are also a factor. Our findings show that gender inequality amplifies the poverty experienced by a significant number of refugees. Our approach can be used to help policy-makers design more effective programs of assistance and find durable solutions for displaced populations.

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难民之间的贫困有何不同？从性别角度看待约旦叙利亚难民的数据

摘要许多报告记录了难民所经历的苦难，强调妇女和儿童是一个高度脆弱的群体。但是，关于性别不平等如何影响难民贫穷的实证分析是有限的。我们将联合国难民事务高级专员收集的约旦叙利亚难民的登记数据与其家庭访问调查的数据相结合，以分析难民家庭的收入贫困率。我们使用一种方法来捕获流离失所对家庭结构造成的破坏，以评估贫困影响，将难民家庭与男性和女性主要申请人（PA）进行比较。我们发现区分不同类型的主要申请人家庭很重要。非核家庭的女性住房保护者中有一半生活在贫困线以下，而无核家庭的男性住房保护者只有五分之一。寡妇和w夫的巴勒斯坦权力机构也面临着很高的贫困风险。由于无人陪伴的儿童和单身照料者而导致的不可预知的强迫流离失所而形成的家庭成为极度脆弱的群体。我们表明，男性和女性PA的家庭组成和个人属性的差异并不是导致贫困风险增加的唯一因素。阻碍妇女进入劳动力市场的针对性别的障碍也是一个因素。我们的研究结果表明，性别不平等加剧了许多难民的贫困状况。