ABSTRACT

Women’s increased labour force participation in Canada is a well-known trend over the past 40 years, and there is a perception that the gendered division of workplaces has decreased over time. This study aimed to describe the distribution of labour by sex/gender across occupations in the Canadian workforce and to examine changes in this distribution since 1991. We also provide key avenues of inquiry for future research into why occupations are segregated and what we can do about it. Data were obtained from the last six Canadian Censuses of Population (1991–2016). Descriptive statistics were prepared to examine labour force composition within various resolutions of the National Occupational Classification (NOC) codes by sex. GEE Poisson regression models were used to generate time- and occupation-adjusted estimates for incidence rate ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals for sex/gender differences in worker population growth. Over 40% of broad occupational categories were highly divided; three-quarters were mainly composed of men. For the most precise classifications, 58% of occupations were highly divided (78% mainly composed of men). Our inquiry into the forces driving sex-segregated jobs found that systems of gender essentialism, organisational hierarchies that favour men, and labour markets that are change-resistant are our future challenges.

Abbreviations NOC: National Occupational Classification; NOC-S: National Occupational Classification for Statistics; ATV: all-terrain vehicle; GEE: generalised estimating equation; IRR: incidence rate ratio; CI: confidence interval; STEM: science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

摘要

在过去的40年中，妇女在加拿大的劳动力参与率上升是一个众所周知的趋势，而且人们认为，随着时间的流逝，工作场所的性别分工有所减少。这项研究旨在描述加拿大劳动力中各职业按性别划分的劳动力分布，并研究自1991年以来这种分布的变化。我们还为未来研究为何隔离职业以及我们能做什么做研究提供了关键途径它。数据来自最近六次加拿大人口普查（1991–2016）。编制了描述性统计数据，以按性别在《国家职业分类》（NOC）法规的各种决议中检查劳动力组成。GEE Poisson回归模型用于生成时间和职业调整后的发病率比率估计值，其中工人人口的性别差异相应的置信区间为95％。在广泛的职业类别中，有40％以上是高度划分的；四分之三的人主要由男子组成。对于最精确的分类，58％的职业是高度分散的（78％的职业主要由男性组成）。我们对推动性别隔离工作的力量的调查发现，性别本质主义体系，有利于男性的组织等级制度以及抗变革的劳动力市场是我们未来的挑战。对于最精确的分类，58％的职业是高度分散的（78％的职业主要由男性组成）。我们对推动性别隔离工作的力量的调查发现，性别本质主义体系，有利于男性的组织等级制度以及抗变革的劳动力市场是我们未来的挑战。对于最精确的分类，58％的职业是高度分散的（78％的职业主要由男性组成）。我们对推动性别隔离工作的力量的调查发现，性别本质主义体系，有利于男性的组织等级制度和抗变革的劳动力市场是我们未来的挑战。

缩写NOC：国家职业分类；NOC-S：国家统计职业分类；ATV：全地形车；GEE：广义估计方程；内部收益率：发病率比率；CI：置信区间；STEM：科学，技术，工程和数学