ABSTRACT

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of the contemporary restrictive and prohibitive legislation that originates from the conditions of domestic and foreign-policy instability. It primarily focuses on the Russian experience, because the current Russian legislation is an obvious example of legislation exercised with the help of restrictive and prohibitive rules. Such recent and much-talked-of acts as the Dima Yakovlev Law, that bans the U.S. citizens from adopting Russian children, and the ‘Foreign Agents’ Law, that has stigmatised Russian NGOs receiving foreign donations and introduced new forms of control over them, are examined. The author suggests that we should call such legislation ‘exceptional’, distinguishing it from the emergency laws. Unlike the latter, exceptional laws do not contain any regulations concerning the situations of armed conflicts, civil unrest or natural disasters; they have ordinary status and place in the legal system and are adopted in an ordinary procedure. It is claimed that exceptional lawmaking radically transforms the whole legal system: being perceived as normal, exceptional laws gradually change the entire system of legislation that previously did not have any exceptional character and in which obligations and prohibitions did not dominate. Particular attention is paid to the use of exceptional laws as tools of foreign policy and as weapons in the present international conflicts.

摘要

这篇文章专门讨论了源自国内和外交政策不稳定状况的当代限制性和禁止性立法现象。它主要着眼于俄罗斯的经验，因为当前的俄罗斯立法是在限制性和限制性规则的帮助下进行立法的一个明显例子。诸如《迪马·雅科夫列夫法》（Dima Yakovlev Law）禁止美国公民收养俄罗斯儿童；《外国代理人法》（Foreign Agents Law）等最近受到广泛关注的法案，该法案给接受外国捐赠的俄罗斯非政府组织蒙上了污名，并对他们采取了新的控制方式，被检查。作者建议我们应将此类立法称为“例外”，以区别于紧急情况法。不像后者 特殊法律不包含有关武装冲突，内乱或自然灾害情况的任何法规；它们在法律体系中具有普通的地位和地位，并以普通的程序被采用。据称，例外立法从根本上改变了整个法律体系：被视为正常的例外法律逐渐改变了以前没有任何例外特征且在义务和禁止中没有占主导地位的整个立法体系。特别注意使用例外法律作为外交政策的工具和当前国际冲突中的武器。据称，例外立法从根本上改变了整个法律体系：被视为正常的例外法律逐渐改变了以前没有任何例外特征且在义务和禁止中没有占主导地位的整个立法体系。特别注意使用例外法律作为外交政策的工具和当前国际冲突中的武器。据称，例外立法从根本上改变了整个法律体系：被视为正常的例外法律逐渐改变了以前没有任何例外特征且在义务和禁止中没有占主导地位的整个立法体系。特别注意使用例外法律作为外交政策的工具和当前国际冲突中的武器。