Abstract:

Drawing on the formerly classified in-house journal KGB Collection, this article argues that active measures, commonly known as Soviet foreign influence operations, were the concept and practice in which offensive counterintelligence encroached on foreign intelligence functions. In the 1960s, KGB counterintelligence officers were urged to implement active measures, instead of passive surveillance, by cultivating and recruiting foreign visitors and Soviet citizens with the aim of using them to penetrate Western institutions and collect sensitive intelligence. The counterintelligence directorate occasionally supervised foreign operations to implement offensive tactics. Given the parallels between the Soviet and Russian intelligence services, the expansion of the counterintelligence agency (the Federal Security Service) in post-Soviet Russia can be interpreted as its increased interest in and capabilities for active measures abroad.

摘要：

借鉴以前分类的内部期刊克格勃收藏，本文认为，积极措施，通常称为苏联对外影响行动，是进攻性反情报侵犯外国情报职能的概念和实践。在 1960 年代，克格勃反情报官员被敦促实施积极措施，而不是被动监视，培养和招募外国游客和苏联公民，目的是利用他们渗透西方机构并收集敏感情报。反情报局偶尔会监督外国行动以实施进攻性战术。鉴于苏联和俄罗斯情报部门之间的相似之处，