Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a rare cancer with orphan disease designation and a prevalence of 0.1–1 per 100,000 men in high-income countries, but it constitutes up to 10% of malignancies in men in some African, Asian and South American regions. Risk factors for PSCC include the absence of childhood circumcision, phimosis, chronic inflammation, poor penile hygiene, smoking, immunosuppression and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Several different subtypes of HPV-related and non-HPV-related penile cancers have been described, which also have different prognostic profiles. Localized disease can be effectively managed by topical therapy, surgery or radiotherapy. As PSCC is characterized by early lymphatic spread and imaging is inadequate for the detection of micrometastatic disease, correct and upfront surgical staging of the inguinal lymph nodes is crucial in disease management. Advanced stages of disease require multimodal management. Optimal sequencing of treatments and patient selection are still being investigated. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens are the mainstay of systemic therapy for advanced PSCC, but they have poor and non-durable responses and high rates of toxic effects, indicating a need for the development of more effective and less toxic therapeutic options. Localized and advanced penile cancers and their treatment have profound physical and psychosexual effects on the quality of life of patients and survivors by altering sexual and urinary function and causing lymphoedema.

阴茎鳞状细胞癌 (PSCC) 是一种罕见的癌症，被指定为孤儿疾病，在高收入国家的患病率为每 100,000 名男性中 0.1-1 人，但在某些非洲、亚洲和南美洲，它占男性恶性肿瘤的 10%地区。PSCC 的危险因素包括没有儿童包皮环切术、包茎、慢性炎症、阴茎卫生差、吸烟、免疫抑制和人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 感染。已经描述了 HPV 相关和非 HPV 相关阴茎癌的几种不同亚型，它们也具有不同的预后特征。局部疾病可以通过局部治疗、手术或放疗得到有效控制。由于 PSCC 的特点是早期淋巴扩散，且影像学不足以检测微转移性疾病，正确和预先手术分期腹股沟淋巴结对于疾病管理至关重要。疾病的晚期阶段需要多模式管理。治疗和患者选择的最佳顺序仍在研究中。以顺铂为基础的化疗方案是晚期 PSCC 全身治疗的主要支柱，但它们的反应差且不持久，且毒性作用发生率高，这表明需要开发更有效和毒性更低的治疗方案。局部和晚期阴茎癌及其治疗通过改变性功能和泌尿功能并引起淋巴水肿对患者和幸存者的生活质量产生深远的生理和性心理影响。治疗和患者选择的最佳顺序仍在研究中。以顺铂为基础的化疗方案是晚期 PSCC 全身治疗的主要支柱，但它们的反应差且不持久，且毒性作用发生率高，这表明需要开发更有效和毒性更低的治疗方案。局部和晚期阴茎癌及其治疗通过改变性功能和泌尿功能并引起淋巴水肿对患者和幸存者的生活质量产生深远的生理和性心理影响。治疗和患者选择的最佳顺序仍在研究中。以顺铂为基础的化疗方案是晚期 PSCC 全身治疗的主要支柱，但它们的反应差且不持久，且毒性作用发生率高，这表明需要开发更有效和毒性更低的治疗方案。局部和晚期阴茎癌及其治疗通过改变性功能和泌尿功能并引起淋巴水肿对患者和幸存者的生活质量产生深远的生理和性心理影响。表明需要开发更有效和毒性更小的治疗选择。局部和晚期阴茎癌及其治疗通过改变性功能和泌尿功能并引起淋巴水肿对患者和幸存者的生活质量产生深远的生理和性心理影响。表明需要开发更有效和毒性更小的治疗选择。局部和晚期阴茎癌及其治疗通过改变性功能和泌尿功能并引起淋巴水肿对患者和幸存者的生活质量产生深远的生理和性心理影响。