Rubin and Pearl offered approaches to causal effect estimation and Lewis and Pearl offered theories of counterfactual conditionals. Arguments offered by Pearl and his collaborators support a weak form of equivalence such that notation from the rival theory can be re-purposed to express Pearl’s theory in a way that is equivalent to Pearl’s theory expressed in its native notation. Nonetheless, the many fundamental differences between the theories rule out any stronger form of equivalence. A renewed emphasis on comparative research can help to guide applications, further develop each theory, and better understand their relative strengths and weaknesses.

中文翻译：

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因果效应和反事实条件：鲁宾，刘易斯和珀尔的对比

鲁宾和珀尔提供了因果效应估计的方法，而路易斯和珀尔提供了反事实条件的理论。Pearl和他的合作者提供的论据支持一种弱等价形式，因此可以将竞争对手理论的表示法重新用于表达Pearl的理论，其方式等同于Pearl的本机表示法中的理论。但是，理论之间的许多基本差异排除了任何更强的等效形式。重新强调比较研究可以帮助指导应用程序，进一步发展每种理论，并更好地理解它们的相对优点和缺点。