Interactions between growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and the immune system are complex, bidirectional, but not fully explained. Current reviews based on numerous studies have indicated that chronic inflammation could suppress the GH/IGF-1 axis via several mechanisms such as relative GH and/or IGF-1 insufficiency, peripheral resistance to GH and/or IGF-1 resulting from down-regulation of GH and IGF-1 receptors, disruption in the GH/IGF-1 signalling pathways, dysregulation of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), reduced IGF bioavailability, and modified gene regulation due to changes in the microRNA system. It is well-known that relationships between the immune system and the GH/IGF-1 axis are mutual and GH as well as IGF-1 could modulate inflammatory response and the activity of systemic inflammation. Available data indicate that the GH/IGF-1 axis exerts both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor- (TNF-), and interleukin-1(IL-) are some of the most significant factors, besides malnutrition, chronic stress, and prolonged use of glucocorticoids, which impair the activity of the GH/IGF-1 axis, and consequently lead to growth retardation in children suffering from childhood-onset chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the impact of chronic inflammation on the GH/IGF-1 axis and growth processes during childhood and adolescence, based on a number of experimental and human studies.

中文翻译：

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慢性炎症和生长激素/胰岛素样生长因子-1轴

生长激素（GH），胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）和免疫系统之间的相互作用是复杂的，双向的，但尚未完全阐明。基于大量研究的最新评论表明，慢性炎症可以通过几种机制抑制GH / IGF-1轴，例如相对GH和/或IGF-1功能不全，下调引起的外周血对GH和/或IGF-1的抵抗GH和IGF-1受体的表达，GH / IGF-1信号通路的破坏，IGF结合蛋白（IGFBPs）的失调，IGF的生物利用度降低，以及由于microRNA系统的变化而导致的基因调控改变。众所周知，免疫系统和GH / IGF-1轴之间的关系是相互的，GH和IGF-1可以调节炎症反应和全身性炎症的活动。现有数据表明，GH / IGF-1轴同时发挥促炎和抗炎作用。除营养不良，慢性应激外，促炎细胞因子如白细胞介素6（IL-6），肿瘤坏死因子-（TNF-）和白细胞介素-1（IL-）是最重要的因素。以及长期使用糖皮质激素会损害GH / IGF-1轴的活性，并因此导致患有儿童期慢性炎症的儿童生长发育迟缓。在这篇综述中，我们基于许多实验和人体研究，讨论了慢性炎症对儿童和青少年时期GH / IGF-1轴和生长过程的影响的潜在机制。除营养不良，慢性应激外，促炎细胞因子如白细胞介素6（IL-6），肿瘤坏死因子-（TNF-）和白细胞介素-1（IL-）是最重要的因素。以及长期使用糖皮质激素会损害GH / IGF-1轴的活性，并因此导致患有儿童期慢性炎症的儿童生长发育迟缓。在这篇综述中，我们基于许多实验和人体研究，讨论了慢性炎症对儿童和青少年时期GH / IGF-1轴和生长过程的影响的潜在机制。除营养不良，慢性应激外，促炎细胞因子如白细胞介素6（IL-6），肿瘤坏死因子-（TNF-）和白细胞介素-1（IL-）是最重要的因素。以及长期使用糖皮质激素会损害GH / IGF-1轴的活性，并因此导致患有儿童期慢性炎症的儿童生长发育迟缓。在这篇综述中，我们基于许多实验和人体研究，讨论了慢性炎症对儿童和青少年时期GH / IGF-1轴和生长过程的影响的潜在机制。因此导致患有儿童期慢性炎性疾病的儿童生长发育迟缓。在这篇综述中，我们基于许多实验和人体研究，讨论了慢性炎症对儿童和青少年时期GH / IGF-1轴和生长过程的影响的潜在机制。因此导致患有儿童期慢性炎性疾病的儿童生长发育迟缓。在这篇综述中，我们基于许多实验和人体研究，讨论了慢性炎症对儿童和青少年时期GH / IGF-1轴和生长过程的影响的潜在机制。