Research has shown that children's internalizing symptom development during early childhood are shaped by biopsychosocial processes including physiology and parental symptoms. However, associations between maternal internalizing symptoms, child physiology and trajectories of child internalizing symptoms are not well understood. We used growth curve models to examine how maternal internalizing symptoms, child physiology and the interaction between maternal internalizing symptoms and child physiology may be associated with trajectories of internalizing symptoms during early childhood. Mothers reported their children's internalizing symptoms when children were 3, 4, 5 and 6 years of age, and mothers self-reported their own internalizing symptoms when children were 3. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) was collected when children were 3.5-years-old. Results showed that there is a non-linear, quadratic trajectory across all participants from age 3 to 6. Maternal internalizing symptoms were not associated with children's internalizing symptoms at age 6, but were associated with both linear and quadratic change. Lower resting RSA was associated with greater increases in children's internalizing symptoms over time. Interactions between maternal internalizing symptoms and RSA were not associated with children's internalizing symptom development. The findings demonstrate that maternal internalizing symptoms and child physiology are independently associated with internalizing symptom development during early childhood.

中文翻译：

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儿童早期内化症状的轨迹：与母亲内化症状和儿童生理学的关联

研究表明，儿童早期儿童内化症状的发展受到包括生理和父母症状在内的生物心理社会过程的影响。然而，母亲内化症状、儿童生理和儿童内化症状轨迹之间的关联尚不清楚。我们使用生长曲线模型来检查母亲内化症状、儿童生理以及母亲内化症状和儿童生理之间的相互作用如何与儿童早期内化症状的轨迹相关联。母亲在孩子 3、4、5 和 6 岁时报告了孩子的内化症状，母亲在孩子 3 岁时自我报告了自己的内化症状。在孩子 3 岁时收集了呼吸性窦性心律失常 (RSA)。5岁。结果表明，从 3 岁到 6 岁的所有参与者都存在非线性的二次轨迹。母亲的内化症状与儿童 6 岁时的内化症状无关，但与线性和二次变化有关。随着时间的推移，较低的静息 RSA 与儿童内化症状的增加有关。母亲内化症状和 RSA 之间的相互作用与儿童内化症状的发展无关。研究结果表明，母亲内化症状和儿童生理与儿童早期内化症状的发展独立相关。母亲内化症状与儿童 6 岁时的内化症状无关，但与线性和二次变化有关。随着时间的推移，较低的静息 RSA 与儿童内化症状的增加有关。母亲内化症状和 RSA 之间的相互作用与儿童内化症状的发展无关。研究结果表明，母亲内化症状和儿童生理与儿童早期内化症状的发展独立相关。母亲内化症状与儿童 6 岁时的内化症状无关，但与线性和二次变化有关。随着时间的推移，较低的静息 RSA 与儿童内化症状的增加有关。母亲内化症状和 RSA 之间的相互作用与儿童内化症状的发展无关。研究结果表明，母亲内化症状和儿童生理与儿童早期内化症状的发展独立相关。母亲内化症状和 RSA 之间的相互作用与儿童内化症状的发展无关。研究结果表明，母亲内化症状和儿童生理与儿童早期内化症状的发展独立相关。母亲内化症状和 RSA 之间的相互作用与儿童内化症状的发展无关。研究结果表明，母亲内化症状和儿童生理与儿童早期内化症状的发展独立相关。