According to a recent influential proposal, several phenotypic features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be accounted for by differences in predictive skills between individuals with ASD and neurotypical individuals. In this systematic review, we describe results from 47 studies that have empirically tested this hypothesis. We assess the results based on two observable aspects of prediction: learning a pairing between an antecedent and a consequence and responding to an antecedent in a predictive manner. Taken together, these studies suggest distinct differences in both predictive learning and predictive response. Studies documenting differences in learning predictive pairings indicate challenges in detecting such relationships especially when predictive features of an antecedent have low salience or consistency, and studies showing differences in habituation and perceptual adaptation suggest low‐level predictive processing differences in ASD. These challenges may account for the observed differences in the influence of predictive priors, in spontaneous predictive movement or gaze, and in social prediction. An important goal for future research will be to better define and constrain the broad domain‐general hypothesis by testing multiple types of prediction within the same individuals. Additional promising avenues include studying prediction within naturalistic contexts and assessing the effect of prediction‐based intervention on supporting functional outcomes for individuals with ASD.

中文翻译：

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自闭症谱系障碍的预测：经验证据的系统回顾


根据最近一项有影响力的提议，自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 的几个表型特征可能是由于 ASD 患者和神经正常个体之间的预测能力差异造成的。在这篇系统综述中，我们描述了 47 项研究的结果，这些研究已经对这一假设进行了实证检验。我们根据预测的两个可观察方面来评估结果：学习前因和结果之间的配对，并以预测方式响应前因。总的来说，这些研究表明预测学习和预测反应之间存在明显差异。记录学习预测配对差异的研究表明，检测这种关系存在挑战，特别是当先行词的预测特征具有较低的显着性或一致性时，并且显示习惯和知觉适应差异的研究表明自闭症谱系障碍中存在低水平的预测处理差异。这些挑战可能解释了在预测先验影响、自发预测运动或凝视以及社会预测方面观察到的差异。未来研究的一个重要目标是通过在同一个体中测试多种类型的预测来更好地定义和约束广泛的领域一般假设。其他有希望的途径包括在自然背景下研究预测，以及评估基于预测的干预对支持自闭症谱系障碍患者功能结果的影响。