Energy storage systems were designed to satisfy application specifications using electrical performance simulations. Starting with published two-time-constant equivalent circuit models for eight commercial electrochemical capacitors, cell models were first scaled to meet application voltage requirements. Then SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) was iteratively performed to further scale the stored energy in each model until it precisely met application specifications. Thus created were equivalent circuit models for full-size energy storage systems. Four applications were used to demonstrate this system-design approach. Three involved constant-power discharge (durations of 0.2 s, 1.3 s, and 30 s) and one involved non-constant-power charge (7-s regenerative braking energy storage). Although each storage system design exactly met application specifications, major differences were evident. For example, the 0.2-s-discharge application showed that one storage system had less than one-half the cost of all others. Also, the 30-s-discharge application showed that one storage system had less than one-half the volume of all others. Details of the system design approach are described and then mass, volume, cost, and efficiency of the storage systems are compared for each demonstration application.

储能系统的设计旨在通过电气性能仿真来满足应用规范。从针对八个商用电化学电容器的已发布的时间常数等效电路模型开始，首先对电池模型进行了缩放，以满足应用电压要求。然后迭代执行SPICE（具有集成电路重点的仿真程序）以进一步缩放每个模型中存储的能量，直到精确满足应用规范为止。这样就创建了用于全尺寸储能系统的等效电路模型。使用四个应用程序来演示此系统设计方法。其中三项涉及恒定功率放电（持续时间为0.2 s，1.3 s和30 s），另一项涉及非恒定功率充电（7 s再生制动能量存储）。尽管每个存储系统设计都完全符合应用程序规格，但是明显的不同是显而易见的。例如，以0.2秒放电的应用程序显示，一个存储系统的成本不到所有其他系统的一半。同样，放电30秒的应用程序显示，一个存储系统的容量不到所有其他系统的一半。描述了系统设计方法的详细信息，然后针对每个演示应用程序比较了存储系统的质量，体积，成本和效率。