The demand for building and construction materials increases as the world population keeps growing, thus increasing the need of shelter, as a basic human need. This increasing demand for building and construction materials not only leads to higher demand for primary raw materials, such as clay or sand, but also to higher emissions of carbon dioxide which contribute to the greenhouse effect leading us to the biggest and ongoing threat to life on earth: global warming. The potential use of secondary raw material sources, such as mining waste, in building and construction products not only minimises the ecological footprint of this sector but also minimises the pressure on the primary raw material sector, hence fostering the transition towards a more resource efficient and sustainable world.

The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential use of uncleaned sulphidic mining tailing material from two inactive Zn-Pb (Plombières, Belgium) and Cu-Zn-Pb (Freiberg, Germany) mines, and uncleaned sulphidic mining waste rock material from an active Cu-Zn mine (Neves-Corvo, Portugal), in ceramic roof tiles and blocks taking into account production parameters (shaping, drying and firing processes), product quality (technical, aesthetical and chemical properties) and environmental compliance of secondary raw materials for use as building products.

After a detailed physical, mineralogical, chemical and thermal characterisation of the materials, blends for ceramic roof tiles and blocks were made by partly or totally replacing some primary raw materials (mainly clay and sand) by 4 different mining waste materials. Roof tile and block blends containing 5 wt% and 10 wt% mining waste materials, respectively, were produced on a lab scale. The required technical, aesthetical and chemical properties for each ceramic product were evaluated.

Freiberg tailing and Neves Corvo waste rock materials presented considerable amounts of sulphur and metal(loid)s. Moreover, technical, aesthetical and chemical properties of the blends using these mining waste materials were not satisfying and Neves Corvo waste rock materials have the disadvantage of needing a mechanical treatment (grinding and sieving) before integrating them into the ceramic blends. Therefore, the Freiberg tailing and both Neves Corvo waste rock materials are less suitable to replace primary raw materials in ceramic roof tile and block blends, even in smaller amounts (5 wt% and 10 wt%, respectively). In contrast, Plombières’ fine tailing material was characterised by a low sulphur and metal(loid) content as well as satisfying environmental performance. The roof tile and block blends, in which Plombières tailing material was integrated, showed satisfying technical, aesthetical and chemical properties. Consequently, Plombières’ tailing material can be considered as the best fit to partly or totally replace some primary raw materials in both ceramic roof tile and block blends.

随着世界人口的不断增长，对建筑材料的需求也在增加，因此住房的需求已成为人类的基本需求。对建筑材料的不断增长的需求不仅导致对粘土或沙子等主要原材料的需求增加，而且导致二氧化碳排放量增加，这导致了温室效应，使我们对生命的最大威胁和持续威胁地球：全球变暖。在建筑和建筑产品中潜在地使用次要原材料来源（例如采矿废料），不仅可以最大程度地减少该部门的生态足迹，而且还可以最大程度地减少主要原材料部门的压力，从而促进了向资源效率更高和效率更高的过渡。可持续发展的世界。

这项研究的目的是评估潜在的使用来自两个惰性Zn-Pb（比利时Plombières）和Cu-Zn-Pb（德国Freiberg）矿山的未清洁硫磺采矿尾矿材料以及来自一个未开采的硫磺采矿废石料的潜在用途。活跃的铜锌矿山（葡萄牙内维斯科尔沃），在陶瓷屋面瓦和砖块中考虑到生产参数（成型，干燥和烧制过程），产品质量（技术，美学和化学特性）以及对次级原材料的环保要求用作建筑产品。

在对材料进行详细的物理，矿物学，化学和热学表征之后，通过用4种不同的采矿废料部分或完全替代一些主要原材料（主要是粘土和沙子）来制造陶瓷瓦和砖的共混物。以实验室规模生产了分别含有5 wt％和10 wt％采矿废料的屋面瓦和砖块共混物。评估了每种陶瓷产品所需的技术，美学和化学性能。

Freiberg尾矿和Neves Corvo废石料中含有大量的硫和金属（类）。而且，使用这些采矿废料的混合物的技术，美学和化学性能不能令人满意，并且内维斯·科沃废石料具有的缺点是，在将它们掺入到陶瓷混合物中之前需要进行机械处理（研磨和筛分）。因此，弗莱贝格尾矿和两种内夫斯·科沃废石料都不太适合代替陶瓷屋面瓦和砖混物中的主要原材料，即使用量较小（分别为5 wt％和10 wt％）。相反，Plombières的细尾矿材料的特点是硫和金属（金属）含量低，并且具有令人满意的环保性能。屋顶和砖块混合，其中集成了Plombières尾矿的材料，显示出令人满意的技术，美学和化学性能。因此，可以认为Plombières的尾矿材料是部分或全部替代陶瓷瓦和块状混合物中某些主要原材料的最佳选择。