Improved public understanding of the ocean and the importance of sustainable ocean use, or ocean literacy, is essential for achieving global commitments to sustainable development by 2030 and beyond. However, growing human populations (particularly in mega-cities), urbanisation and socio-economic disparity threaten opportunities for people to engage and connect directly with ocean environments. Thus, a major challenge in engaging the whole of society in achieving ocean sustainability by 2030 is to develop strategies to improve societal connections to the ocean. The concept of ocean literacy reflects public understanding of the ocean, but is also an indication of connections to, and attitudes and behaviours towards, the ocean. Improving and progressing global ocean literacy has potential to catalyse the behaviour changes necessary for achieving a sustainable future. As part of the Future Seas project (https://futureseas2030.org/), this paper aims to synthesise knowledge and perspectives on ocean literacy from a range of disciplines, including but not exclusive to marine biology, socio-ecology, philosophy, technology, psychology, oceanography and human health. Using examples from the literature, we outline the potential for positive change towards a sustainable future based on knowledge that already exists. We focus on four drivers that can influence and improve ocean literacy and societal connections to the ocean: (1) education, (2) cultural connections, (3) technological developments, and (4) knowledge exchange and science-policy interconnections. We explore how each driver plays a role in improving perceptions of the ocean to engender more widespread societal support for effective ocean management and conservation. In doing so, we develop an ocean literacy toolkit, a practical resource for enhancing ocean connections across a broad range of contexts worldwide.

提高公众对海洋的了解以及可持续海洋利用的重要性或海洋素养，对于实现到 2030 年及以后的可持续发展的全球承诺至关重要。然而，不断增长的人口（特别是在特大城市）、城市化和社会经济差距威胁着人们直接接触海洋环境并与之联系的机会。因此，到 2030 年让全社会参与实现海洋可持续性的一个主要挑战是制定战略以改善社会与海洋的联系。海洋素养的概念反映了公众对海洋的理解，但也表明了与海洋的联系以及对海洋的态度和行为。提高和提高全球海洋素养有可能促进实现可持续未来所需的行为改变。作为未来海洋项目 (https://futureseas2030.org/) 的一部分，本文旨在综合来自一系列学科的海洋知识和观点，包括但不限于海洋生物学、社会生态学、哲学、技术、心理学、海洋学和人类健康。使用文献中的例子，我们概述了基于已经存在的知识向可持续未来做出积极改变的潜力。我们关注可以影响和提高海洋素养和社会与海洋联系的四个驱动因素：(1) 教育，(2) 文化联系，(3) 技术发展，以及 (4) 知识交流和科学政策之间的联系。我们探讨了每个驱动因素如何在改善对海洋的认知方面发挥作用，从而为有效的海洋管理和保护产生更广泛的社会支持。为此，我们开发了一个海洋素养工具包，这是一种实用资源，可用于在全球范围广泛的环境中加强海洋联系。