The Novel Probes Project, an initiative to advance the field of astrophysical tests of the dark sector by creating a forum that connects observers and theorists, is introduced. This review focuses on tests of gravity and is intended to be of use primarily to observers, as well as theorists with an interest in the development of experimental tests. It is twinned with a separate upcoming review on dark matter self-interactions. The review focuses on astrophysical tests of gravity in the weak-field regime, ranging from stars to quasilinear cosmological scales. This regime is complementary to both strong-field tests of gravity and background and linear probes in cosmology. In particular, the nonlinear screening mechanisms that are an integral part of viable modified-gravity models lead to characteristic signatures, specifically on astrophysical scales. The potential of these probes is not limited by cosmic variance but comes with the challenge of building robust theoretical models of the nonlinear dynamics of stars, galaxies, and large-scale structure. The groundwork is laid for a thorough exploration of the weak-field, nonlinear regime, with an eye to using the current and next generation of observations for tests of gravity. The scene is set by showing how gravitational theories beyond general relativity are expected to behave, focusing primarily on screening mechanisms. Analytic and numerical techniques for exploring the relevant astrophysical regime are described, as are the pertinent observational signals. With these in hand a range of astrophysical tests of gravity are presented, and prospects for future measurements and theoretical developments are discussed.

中文翻译：

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新型探针项目：在天体尺度上的重力测试

引入了“新型探针计划”，该倡议通过创建一个连接观察者和理论家的论坛来推进暗区的天体物理学测试领域。这篇综述着重于重力测试，旨在主要供观察者以及对开发实验测试感兴趣的理论家使用。它与即将进行的有关暗物质自相互作用的单独评论结合在一起。这篇综述着重于在弱场状态下的重力天体物理测试，范围从恒星到准线性宇宙尺度。该方案是对重力和背景的强场测试以及宇宙学中的线性探针的补充。特别地，作为可行的重力修正模型不可或缺的一部分的非线性筛选机制会导致特征性签名，特别是在天体尺度上。这些探测器的潜力不受宇宙方差的限制，但面临着建立健壮的恒星，星系和大规模结构非线性动力学理论模型的挑战。为深入研究弱场非线性机制奠定了基础，并着眼于使用当前和下一代观测数据进行重力测试。通过展示超越广义相对论的引力理论将如何表现来设置场景，主要集中在筛选机制上。描述了探索相关天体物理状况的解析和数值技术，以及相关的观测信号。有了这些，提出了一系列的天体重力测试，并讨论了未来测量和理论发展的前景。