Spain is on a path toward the decarbonization of the economy. This is mainly due to structural changes in the economy, where less energy-intensive sectors are gaining more relevance, and due to a higher use of less carbon-intensive primary energy products. This decarbonization trend is in fact more accentuated than that observed in the EU28, but there is still much to be done in order to reverse the huge increases in emissions that occurred in Spain prior to the 2007 crisis. The technical energy efficiency is improving in the Spanish economy at a higher rate than in the EU28, although all these gains are offset by the losses that the country suffers due to the inefficient use of the energy equipment. There is an installed energy infrastructure (in the energy-consumer side) in the Spanish economy that is not working at its maximum rated capacity, but which has very high fixed energy costs that reduce the observed energy efficiency and puts at risk the achievement of the emissions and energy consumption targets set by the European institutions. We arrive to these findings by developing a hybrid decomposition approach called input–output logarithmic mean Divisia index (IO-LMDI) decomposition method. With this methodological approach, we can provide an allocation diagram scheme for assigning the responsibility of primary energy requirements and carbon-dioxide emissions to the end-use sectors, including both economic and non-productive sectors. In addition, we analyze more potential influencing factors than those typically examined, we proceed in a way that reconciles energy intensity and energy efficiency metrics, and we are able to distinguish between technical and observed end-use energy efficiency taking into account potential rebound effects and other factors.

西班牙正在走向经济的低碳化。这主要是由于经济结构发生变化，能源密集度较低的行业获得了更大的相关性，以及碳密集度较低的一次能源产品的大量使用。实际上，这种脱碳趋势比欧盟28国所强调的要更加突出，但是要扭转2007年危机之前西班牙发生的排放量大幅增加，仍有许多工作要做。西班牙经济中的技术能源效率正在以比欧盟28中更高的速度提高，尽管所有这些收益都被该国由于能源设备使用效率低下所遭受的损失所抵消。西班牙经济中有一个已安装的能源基础设施（在能源消耗方）没有以其最大额定容量运行，但是它具有很高的固定能源成本，降低了观测到的能源效率，并使实现欧洲机构设定的排放量和能耗目标处于危险之中。我们通过开发一种称为输入输出对数平均Divisia指数（IO-LMDI）分解方法。通过这种方法，我们可以提供一种分配图方案，以将一次能源需求和二氧化碳排放的责任分配给最终使用部门，包括经济部门和非生产部门。此外，我们分析的潜在影响因素比通常检查的影响因素更多，我们以协调能源强度和能效指标的方式进行，并能够在考虑潜在反弹效应和其他因素。