Abstract

Balancing between sex equality and religious interests has been a challenge for Israel’s constitutional law from the state’s inception. In recent years, however, the expanding repertoire of practices known as women’s exclusion has brought forth this tension with new formulations, intensity, and public sensitivity. This article maps the three decades of Israel’s High Court of Justice (HCJ or “the Court”) adjudication on women’s exclusion. The modesty requirements and sex-based physical segregation that have become rampant in Israel require re-articulations of the scope and status of the right to equality, as well as other constitutional rights such as dignity and liberty. The thirty-year database compiled for the purpose of this article encompasses all women’s exclusion cases decided by the HCJ. The database was built based on an annotated definition of women’s exclusion cases as a legal field, developed and explained in this article. The database reveals what might be defined as diminishing constitutional adjudication. In the 1990s, the Court labored in elevating sex equality, developing a doctrinal structure that guards it against religion-based demands to legitimize exclusion norms. In contrast, in the past decade, the Court has almost completely refrained from reviewing cases on merit or writing reasoned opinions, adopting ad-hoc problem-solving approaches or taking dispute resolution approaches prompting the parties to find compromise, without delineating the legal framework that should guide the disputes.

中文翻译：

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宪法逐渐减少：以色列对妇女的排斥审判的前三十年

摘要

从国家成立之初起，性别平等和宗教利益之间的平衡就一直是以色列宪法的一项挑战。然而，近年来，被称为“女性排斥”的做法的范围不断扩大，以新的表述，强度和公众敏感性引起了这种紧张关系。这篇文章描绘了以色列高等法院（HCJ或“法院”）对妇女排斥的裁决的三十年。在以色列已经变得普遍的谦虚要求和基于性别的种族隔离要求重新阐明平等权以及其他宪法权利，例如尊严和自由的范围和地位。为此目的汇编的三十年数据库涵盖了由最高法院裁定的所有妇女排斥案件。该数据库是根据对女性排斥案例作为法律领域的注释定义而建立的，本文对此进行了开发和解释。该数据库揭示了可能被定义为减少的宪法裁决。在1990年代，法院努力提高性别平等，建立了一个教义结构，以防止其基于宗教的要求使排他性规范合法化。相反，在过去的十年中，法院几乎完全没有审查功绩案件或撰写有理据的意见，采取临时性的解决问题的方法或采取争端解决的方法来促使当事方寻求妥协，而又没有划定法律框架。应该指导纠纷。该数据库揭示了可能被定义为减少的宪法裁决。在1990年代，法院努力提高性别平等，建立了一个教义结构，以防止其基于宗教的要求使排他性规范合法化。相反，在过去的十年中，法院几乎完全没有审查功绩案件或撰写有理据的意见，采取临时性的解决问题的方法或采取争端解决的方法来促使当事方寻求妥协，而又没有划定法律框架。应该指导纠纷。该数据库揭示了可能被定义为减少的宪法裁决。在1990年代，法院努力提高性别平等，建立了一个教义结构，以防止其基于宗教的要求使排他性规范合法化。相反，在过去的十年中，法院几乎完全没有审查功绩案件或撰写有理据的意见，采取临时性的解决问题的方法或采取争端解决的方法来促使当事方寻求妥协，而又没有划定法律框架。应该指导纠纷。