The present study aims to understand which factors contribute to different patterns of use of referring expressions by bilingual children, by considering the triangulation between language experience and proficiency, executive functions and cross-linguistic effects. We analyze reference use in Greek in the context of a narrative elicitation task as performed by 125 children of different language combinations, including Greek–Albanian, Greek–English and Greek–German. We calculate, for each child, an index of language experience that combines a proficiency measure with background questionnaire information. After identifying the occurrences of underinformative (underspecified) and overinformative (overspecified) referring expressions in the production of each child, we investigate to what extent each pattern of reference use is affected by language experience, cross-linguistic effects and executive functions. The study aims to shed some new light on the nature of overspecification and underspecification in bilingual reference production and, more in general, to model variation in reference use among bilingual children.

中文翻译：

---

双语参考获得：语言经验、执行功能和跨语言效应的作用

本研究旨在通过考虑语言经验和熟练程度、执行功能和跨语言效应之间的三角关系，了解哪些因素导致双语儿童使用指称表达的不同模式。我们在由 125 名不同语言组合（包括希腊语-阿尔巴尼亚语、希腊语-英语和希腊语-德语）的儿童执行的叙事启发任务的背景下分析了希腊语中的参考使用情况。我们为每个孩子计算一个语言经验指数，该指数将熟练程度测量与背景调查问卷信息相结合。在确定每个孩子的生产中出现信息不足（underspecified）和信息过多（overspecified）的指称表达后，我们调查每种参考使用模式在多大程度上受语言经验、跨语言效应和执行功能的影响。该研究旨在阐明双语参考文献生产中过度规范和规范不足的性质，更一般地，模拟双语儿童参考使用的变化。