Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable bacterial pathogen that is responsible for infections in humans and various species of wild, companion, and agricultural animals. The ability of S. aureus to move between humans and livestock is due to specific characteristics of this bacterium as well as modern agricultural practices. Pathoadaptive clonal lineages of S. aureus have emerged and caused significant economic losses in the agricultural sector. While humans appear to be a primary reservoir for S. aureus, the continued expansion of the livestock industry, globalization, and ubiquitous use of antibiotics has increased the dissemination of pathoadaptive S. aureus in this environment. This review comprehensively summarizes the available literature on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, genomics, antibiotic resistance (ABR), and clinical manifestations of S. aureus infections in domesticated livestock. The availability of S. aureus whole-genome sequence data has provided insight into the mechanisms of host adaptation and host specificity. Several lineages of S. aureus are specifically adapted to a narrow host range on a short evolutionary time scale. However, on a longer evolutionary time scale, host-specific S. aureus has jumped the species barrier between livestock and humans in both directions several times. S. aureus illustrates how close contact between humans and animals in high-density environments can drive evolution. The use of antibiotics in agriculture also drives the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, making the possible emergence of human-adapted ABR strains from agricultural practices concerning. Addressing the concerns of ABR S. aureus, without negatively affecting agricultural productivity, is a challenging priority.

中文翻译：

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农业中的金黄色葡萄球菌：多物种病原体进化的教训

金黄色葡萄球菌是一种可怕的细菌病原体，可引起人类以及各种野生动物、伴侣动物和农业动物的感染。金黄色葡萄球菌在人类和牲畜之间移动的能力归因于这种细菌的特定特征以及现代农业实践。金黄色葡萄球菌的病理适应性克隆谱系已经出现，并给农业部门造成了重大经济损失。虽然人类似乎是金黄色葡萄球菌的主要宿主，但畜牧业的持续扩张、全球化和抗生素的普遍使用增加了病理适应性金黄色葡萄球菌在该环境中的传播。本综述全面总结了有关家畜金黄色葡萄球菌感染的流行病学、病理生理学、基因组学、抗生素耐药性（ABR）和临床表现的现有文献。金黄色葡萄球菌全基因组序列数据的可用性提供了对宿主适应和宿主特异性机制的深入了解。金黄色葡萄球菌的几个谱系在较短的进化时间尺度上特别适应于狭窄的宿主范围。然而，在更长的进化时间尺度上，宿主特异性金黄色葡萄球菌多次跨越了牲畜和人类之间的物种障碍。金黄色葡萄球菌说明了人类和动物在高密度环境中的密切接触如何推动进化。农业中抗生素的使用也推动了抗生素耐药菌株的出现，使得农业实践中可能出现适应人类的 ABR 菌株。在不对农业生产力产生负面影响的情况下解决 ABR金黄色葡萄球菌的问题是一项具有挑战性的优先事项。