Properties of galaxies, such as color, age, and star formation activity, appear to be associated with the environment in which they are immersed. To investigate how the environment‐galaxy relation is established, we study protoclusters, which are numerically dense environments of galaxies in the early Universe, and which give rise to galaxy clusters today. In this work, we use submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) ‐ which are very dusty and distant galaxies, with their copious infrared emission redshifted to the submillimeter wavelengths ‐ as lampposts to trace potential sites of protocluster regions. We undertook deep observations of the environment of SMGs with well‐established spectroscopic redshifts in the range of z ≃ 1–5. We made a combination of deep imaging and spectroscopic observations to identify Lyman‐alpha emitters (LAEs) as a means to assess the more typical star‐forming galaxies in these regions. We identified more than 300 LAE candidates in four potential protocluster regions. Of these, 200 have already been spectroscopically confirmed to be at the SMG redshifts. This is consistent with them being part of the same structure. By probing the redshift range z ≃ 1–5, which corresponds to ≥4 Giga years, we seek insights on the evolution of protoclusters over this time interval.

中文翻译：

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识别遥远宇宙中的protoclusters

星系的属性，例如颜色，年龄和恒星形成活动，似乎与它们浸入的环境有关。为了研究环境与星系之间的关系是如何建立的，我们研究了原团簇，这些原团簇是早期宇宙中星系的数字密集环境，并在今天引起了星系团簇的出现。在这项工作中，我们使用亚毫米级星系（SMG）-灯柱来追踪原团簇区域的潜在位置，该亚微米级星系是尘土飞扬且遥远的星系，其大量红外发射红移到了亚毫米波长。我们进行了冲锋枪的环境有着深入的观察中z的范围内行之有效的光谱红移 ≃ 1–5。我们结合了深度成像和光谱学观察来确定莱曼α发射器（LAE），作为评估这些区域中更典型的恒星系的手段。我们在四个潜在的原始集群区域中确定了300多个LAE候选对象。在光谱学中，已经确认有200个处于SMG红移状态。这与它们属于同一结构的一部分是一致的。通过探测红移范围Z  ≃  1-5，这相当于≥ 4千兆年来，我们寻求protoclusters超过这个时间间隔演变的见解。