Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a heterogeneous group of chronic inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology. Over time, the plethora of cellular elements involved in its pathogenesis has progressively enriched together with the definition of specific cytokine pathways. Recent evidence suggests the involvement of new cellular mediators of inflammation in the pathogenesis of SpA or new subgroups of known cellular mediators. The research in this sense is ongoing, and it is clear that this challenge aimed at identifying new cellular actors involved in the perpetuation of the inflammatory process in AxSpA is not a mere academic exercise but rather aims to define a clear cellular hierarchy. Such a definition could pave the way for new targeted therapies, which could interfere with the inflammatory process and specific pathways that trigger immune system dysregulation and stromal cell activity, ultimately leading to significant control of the inflammation and new bone formation in a significant number of patients. In this review, we will describe the recent advances in terms of new cellular actors involved in the pathogenesis of SpA, focusing our attention on stromal cells and innate and adaptive immunity cells.

脊柱关节炎（SpA）是一组病因不明的慢性炎症性疾病。随着时间的推移，参与其发病机制的大量细胞元素与特定细胞因子途径的定义一起逐渐丰富。最近的证据表明，新的炎症细胞介质参与了 SpA 的发病机制或已知细胞介质的新亚群。这种意义上的研究正在进行中，很明显，这一挑战旨在识别参与 AxSpA 炎症过程持续存在的新细胞参与者，这不仅仅是一项学术活动，而是旨在定义一个清晰的细胞层次结构。这样的定义可以为新的靶向治疗铺平道路，这可能会干扰炎症过程和触发免疫系统失调和基质细胞活性的特定途径，最终导致大量患者的炎症和新骨形成得到显着控制。在这篇综述中，我们将描述参与 SpA 发病机制的新细胞因子的最新进展，重点关注基质细胞和先天性和适应性免疫细胞。