Background

The artificial mussel (AM) is a passive sampling device that was originally developed for monitoring metal concentrations in the marine environment, but is also increasingly used in freshwater environments. The AM consists of a non-permeable Perspex tube, which is closed on both sides with a semi-permeable membrane. The space in between contains Chelex-100 beads, which bind metals. The AM allows the determination of the dissolved, bioaccessible metal fraction in water bodies without killing organisms, as well as environments with unfavorable conditions for living bioindicators. In the present study, the use of the AM was adapted for the monitoring of platinum (Pt) in a freshwater ecosystem.

Results

The elution of Pt from the Chelex-100 beads was optimized. Two modifications to the original method for the use of AMs are recommended, i.e., washing and separation of the beads through centrifugation and elution with a mixture of 4.5 mL HNO₃ and 0.5 mL HCl for approximately 2–3 h to ensure the release of all Pt bound to the beads. Additionally, the uptake kinetics of the AM were determined under laboratory conditions over a wide exposure concentration range (0.1–1000 µg/L) showing highly correlated Pt accumulation in the AMs with the aqueous exposure concentration. For the tested Pt exposure concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 µg/L, the Pt concentrations in the AMs increased during the exposure period of 6 weeks. At the highest exposure concentration of 1000 µg/L, the increase stagnated after 3 weeks. To validate the AM in the field, the Pt accumulation of the AM was assessed together with that of freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminalis africana), muscle and liver tissue of the three fish species sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), as well as water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) at two sampling sites in the Pt mining area of South Africa.

Conclusion

Results from the present study showed that the AM is a promising tool to monitor Pt concentrations in the freshwater environment at contaminated sites.

中文翻译：

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关于在淡水环境中使用人工贻贝作为铂暴露监测工具的实验室和现场研究

背景

人工贻贝（AM）是一种被动采样设备，最初是为监视海洋环境中的金属浓度而开发的，但现在也越来越多地用于淡水环境中。AM由不可渗透的有机玻璃管组成，该管的两侧均用半渗透膜封闭。两者之间的空间包含Chelex-100珠子，这些珠子与金属结合。AM可以测定水体中溶解的，可生物利用的金属含量，而不会杀死生物，以及对于活生物指标而言条件不利的环境。在本研究中，AM的使用适合于监测淡水生态系统中的铂（Pt）。

结果

优化了Chelex-100珠上Pt的洗脱。建议对使用AM的原始方法进行两次修改，即通过离心和4.5 mL HNO ₃混合物的洗脱来洗涤和分离珠子和0.5 mL HCl约2-3 h，以确保释放所有与小珠结合的Pt。此外，在实验室条件下，在较宽的暴露浓度范围（0.1–1000 µg / L）下测定了AM的吸收动力学，显示出AM中Pt的积累与水的暴露浓度高度相关。对于测得的0.1、1、10和100 µg / L的Pt暴露浓度，在6周的暴露时间内，AM中的Pt浓度会增加。在最高暴露浓度1000 µg / L时，3周后停滞。为了验证田间AM的存在，对AM的Pt积累以及淡水蛤c（Corbicula fluminalis africana），三种鱼类尖齿cat鱼（肌肉和肝组织）的Pt积累进行了评估。南非Pt矿区的两个采样点的枝条（Clarias gariepinus），鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）和莫桑比克罗非鱼（Oreochromis mossambicus）以及水葫芦（Eichhornia crassipes）。

结论

本研究的结果表明，AM是监测受污染场所淡水环境中Pt浓度的有前途的工具。