Aquatic invertebrates can be exposed to copper from various sources, including agricultural applications. For example, concentrations up to 1000 µg L⁻¹ are found within rice fields, where copper-containing formulations are used as fungicides and algaecides. We conducted toxicity tests to study lethal and sublethal effects of copper sulfate pentahydrate on all immature stages across two generations of Culex pipiens mosquitoes as our model organism. Mortality was dose-dependent at concentrations of 500 µg L⁻¹ and above in the first generation, and 125 µg L⁻¹ and above in the second generation. The median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of copper sulfate pentahydrate for larval Cx. pipiens were 476 ± 30.60 µg L⁻¹ and 348.67 ± 23.20 µg L⁻¹ for the first and second generations, respectively. Generation one pupation decreased from 96% in controls to 48% at 500 µg L⁻¹, while the second-generation pupation decreased from 96% in controls to 17.5% at 500 µg L⁻¹. Mortality during the pupal stage varied from 2 to 10% at 500 µg L⁻¹ of first and second generations, respectively. Higher levels also delayed development to adulthood in both generations. The duration of the immature period was 14.8 days in controls in both generations, but when exposed at 500 µg L⁻¹ it increased to 18.8 days in the first generation and to 20.5 days in the second generation. The chronic, multi-generation exposures in this study showed greater toxicity than reported for shorter exposures of Cx. pipiens, and confamilial taxa like Culex hortensis and Anopheles hispaniola.

水生无脊椎动物可能会接触各种来源的铜，包括农业应用。例如，在稻田中发现了高达1000 µg L ^-1的浓度，其中含铜制剂被用作杀真菌剂和除藻剂。我们进行了毒性测试，以研究五代硫酸铜对作为模型生物的两代淡色库蚊的所有未成熟阶段的致死和致死作用。在第一代中浓度为500 µg L ^-1及以上时，死亡率是剂量依赖性的；在第二代中浓度为125 µg L ^-1及以上时，死亡率是剂量依赖性的。幼虫Cx的五水合硫酸铜的平均致死浓度（LC ₅₀）。pipiens第一代和第二代分别为476±30.60 µg L ^-1和348.67±23.20 µg L ^-1。第一代化up从对照的96％降至500 µg L ^-1的48％，而第二代化p从对照的96％降至500 µg L ^-1的17.5％。stage阶段的死亡率在第一代和第二代的500 µg L ^-1下分别为2％至10％。较高的水平也使两代人的发育都延迟到成年。两代对照中未成熟期的持续时间均为14.8天，但暴露于500 µg L ^-1时第一代增加到18.8天，第二代增加到20.5天。在这项研究中，慢性多代暴露显示出比短时间Cx暴露更大的毒性。蚊和confamilial类群喜欢淡色菠菜和按蚊伊斯帕尼奥拉岛。