ABSTRACT In this study we identify, for the first time, social determinants of opposition to artificial intelligence, based on the assessment of its benefits and risks. Using a national survey in Spain (n = 5200) and linear regression models, we show that common explanations regarding opposition to artificial intelligence, such as competition and relative vulnerability theories, are not confirmed or have limited explanatory power. Stronger effects are shown by social values and general attitudes to science. Those expressing egalitarian values and privacy concerns, as well as those less predisposed to innovation in a general sense, are more prone to oppose both technological applications. Lastly, we found evidence that, as in other complex technological applications, a new cognitive shortcut is produced. In this case, we found a strong correlation (0.652, p < .001) between public attitudes toward robotization in the workplace and toward artificial intelligence. We discuss the implications of this new cognitive schema, the “intelligent machine”, as a new threatening or beneficial element.

中文翻译：

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隐私、价值观和机器：预测对人工智能的反对

摘要 在这项研究中，我们基于对人工智能的好处和风险的评估，首次确定了反对人工智能的社会决定因素。使用西班牙的一项全国调查（n = 5200）和线性回归模型，我们表明，关于反对人工智能的常见解释，如竞争和相对脆弱性理论，没有得到证实或解释力有限。社会价值观和对科学的普遍态度显示出更强的影响。那些表达平等价值观和隐私问题的人，以及一般意义上不太倾向于创新的人，更倾向于反对这两种技术应用。最后，我们发现证据表明，与其他复杂的技术应用一样，会产生新的认知捷径。在这种情况下，我们发现公众对工作场所机器人化和人工智能的态度之间存在很强的相关性 (0.652, p < .001)。我们讨论了这种新的认知模式，即“智能机器”，作为一种新的威胁或有益元素的含义。