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Leval, Pierre N. Toward a Fair Use Standard, 103 Harv. L. Rev. 1105 (1990)
Communication Law and Policy ( IF 0.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-02 , DOI: 10.1080/10811680.2020.1767419
Patricia Aufderheide 1
Affiliation  

In 1990, Pierre Leval, who had served as a federal trial judge in New York for twelve years, wrote a twenty-nine-page commentary in the highly influential Harvard Law Review. The essay addressed the interpretation of the copyright doctrine of fair use, or the right to reuse copyrighted material without permission or payment under some circumstances. In it, he argued that in the absence of a clear bright-line standard, judges were using ad hoc reasoning that resulted in confusing law. Although the article openly disagreed with other judges, it was written with diplomacy and a wry wit. He charged himself, along with others, with previously following a “rudderless” path of reasoning about fair use. He argued for a rule of reason anchored in the concept of “transformative use” — a term he coined to describe reuse for a new or different purpose. This, he wrote, would give judges a way to interpret the four factors that the 1976 Copyright Act reform codified: the nature of the new work, the nature of the original, the amount or importance of the material used, and effect on the market. It would fit nicely within the declared purpose of U.S. copyright law, to encourage creation of works for public education. He swatted down interpretative arguments that would drag in other law, such as privacy or theft. He returned throughout to copyright’s utilitarian purpose of providing incentives for creation of work for public education, and warned against eliding it with authors’ moral rights, which do not exist in the United States.

中文翻译:

Leval,Pierre N.迈向合理使用标准,哈佛103。L.Rev.1105(1990)

1990年,皮埃尔·勒瓦尔(Pierre Leval)在纽约担任联邦审判法官长达12年之久,他在极富影响力的《哈佛法制评论》(Harvard Law Review)中撰写了长达29页的评论。本文论述了合理使用版权理论的解释,或在某些情况下未经许可或付款而重新使用版权材料的权利。在书中,他认为,在缺乏清晰明晰的标准的情况下,法官使用的是临时推理,导致法律混乱。尽管该文章公开地与其他法官不同意,但它的撰写是出于外交和机智。他与其他人一起,责成自己遵循合理使用的“无舵”推理路径。他提出了基于“变革性使用”概念的理性原则,这一术语是他创造的,用于描述出于新的或不同目的的重用。这个,他写道,这将为法官提供一种解释1976年《版权法》改革的四个因素:新作品的性质,原始作品的性质,所用材料的数量或重要性以及对市场的影响。它将完全符合美国版权法的既定宗旨,以鼓励创作用于公共教育的作品。他摒弃了会影响其他法律的解释性论点,例如隐私权或盗窃罪。他从头回到了版权的功利主义目的,即为创作公共教育作品提供激励措施,并警告不要以作家的精神权利来剥夺版权,这在美国尚不存在。所用材料的数量或重要性,以及对市场的影响。它将完全符合美国版权法的既定宗旨,以鼓励创作用于公共教育的作品。他摒弃了会影响其他法律的解释性论点,例如隐私权或盗窃罪。他从头回到了版权的功利主义目的,即为创作公共教育作品提供激励措施,并警告不要以作家的精神权利来剥夺版权,这在美国尚不存在。所用材料的数量或重要性,以及对市场的影响。它将完全符合美国版权法的既定宗旨,以鼓励创作用于公共教育的作品。他摒弃了会影响其他法律的解释性论点,例如隐私权或盗窃罪。他从头回到了版权的功利主义目的,即为创作公共教育作品提供激励措施,并警告不要以作家的精神权利来剥夺版权,这在美国尚不存在。
更新日期:2020-07-02
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