During the seventeenth century, there was a growing awareness that Spain suffered from chronic internal problems that weakened it vis-à-vis other European powers and left it unable to maintain the integrity of its global empire (Elliott 1977). Since the publication of Vilar Berrogain’s classic study (1973), scholars have paid more attention to ‘arbitristas’ (as they were known by their contemporaries), authors who proposed solutions to problems that they identified in specific sectors of the Spanish monarchy. In his famousMemorial (1991 [1600]) on the decline and restoration of Spain, Martín González de Cellorigo expressed the fear that precious metals coming from the Americas would harm peninsular production and commerce, but he also made numerous moral critiques of everything from disregard for matrimony to the unscrupulous search for honors. Though arbitristas’ primary concern was with proposing strategies to increase the royal treasury’s income, recent studies have shown that they also offered advice on good government (Amadori 2013; Eagle 2014). An arbitrio was essentially a petition that contained a specific project to ‘fix’ some imperial problem. In the period studied here, it is revealing that both petitions for privileges and projects of administrative reforms were usually titled ‘memoriales.’ Arbitristas were endowed with a negative aura, in no small part due to the distrust produced by a form of political communication that made its author presentation of reformist ideas and request for honors and prizes inseparable (Brendecke 2012, 80, 90–97). Following the pioneering work of Tau Anzoátegui, historians have considered how petitions sent to the Spanish Crown by subjects from any social stratum shaped royal decrees, but recent studies have sought to understand the system in a more detailed way. The Council of the Indies, governing body of the Spanish Americas since 1524, divided its weekly work into four sessions (as defined in 1571) dealing with gobierno issues, justicia, the colonial royal treasury (hacienda), and the papers of gracia. Gobierno included the petitions of Indies officials and ordinary vassals on administrative matters. Once evaluated by the Council of the Indies, petitions gave origin to royal decrees, which could have a variable territorial and temporal scope. The memoriales examined in this article were essentially petitions discussed in gobierno sessions, and most included plans for important administrative reforms.

中文翻译：

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在波托西和埃尔多拉多之间：17 世纪早期秘鲁的仲裁和政治交流

在 17 世纪，人们越来越意识到西班牙遭受长期的内部问题，削弱了它相对于其他欧洲列强的实力，使其无法维持其全球帝国的完整性（Elliott 1977）。自 Vilar Berrogain 的经典研究（1973 年）出版以来，学者们更加关注“仲裁者”（正如他们的同时代人所熟知的那样），即针对他们在西班牙君主制的特定部门中发现的问题提出解决方案的作者。马丁·冈萨雷斯·德·塞洛里戈 (Martín González de Cellorigo) 在其著名的关于西班牙衰落和复辟的纪念 (1991 [1600]) 中表达了对来自美洲的贵金属会损害半岛生产和商业的担忧，但他也对一切进行了许多道德批评，从无视对不择手段的追求荣誉的婚姻。尽管仲裁者的主要关注点是提出增加皇家财政部收入的策略，但最近的研究表明，他们也提供了关于良好政府的建议（Amadori 2013；Eagle 2014）。仲裁本质上是一份请愿书，其中包含“解决”某些帝国问题的特定项目。在这里所研究的时期，很明显，特权请愿和行政改革计划通常都被称为“纪念”。仲裁者被赋予了一种消极的光环，这在很大程度上是由于一种政治传播形式所产生的不信任，这使得其作者对改革主义思想的呈现与对荣誉和奖项的要求密不可分（Brendecke 2012, 80, 90-97）。继 Tau Anzoátegui 的开创性工作之后，历史学家已经考虑过任何社会阶层的臣民向西班牙王室发出的请愿书是如何形成皇家法令的，但最近的研究试图以更详细的方式了解该制度。自 1524 年以来，作为西班牙美洲管理机构的印度理事会将其每周工作分为四次会议（如 1571 年所定义），分别处理戈比尔诺问题、司法、殖民地皇家国库（庄园）和格拉西亚的文件。Gobierno 包括印度官员和普通封臣关于行政事务的请愿书。一旦由印度委员会评估，请愿书便成为皇家法令的起源，其可能具有可变的领土和时间范围。本文所考察的纪念物基本上是在 gobierno 会议上讨论的请愿书，其中大多数包括重要的行政改革计划。