ABSTRACT The Ober-Ost administration instated in 1915 covered a fragment of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania; a territory contested by Germany and Russia, inhabited by a nationally and religiously diverse society, with the Polish-Jewish city of Wilno as its central point. The German policies exploited the national aspirations of both the Lithuanians and the Belarusian leaders to dissolve the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Contrary to the Belarusian leaders focused on short-term benefits, the Lithuanian politicians proved more resourceful in using the seemingly pro-Lithuanian and pro-Belarusian policies towards obtaining their own nation state. The Germans discriminated the Lithuanian Poles in terms of rights to political activity, even when conducted without subsidies from the occupier. The disunity with the local society progressed and benefited the supporters of Polish national policies, however few in Wilno in 1915. The German authorities successfully pushed the Lithuanian Poles, so far seeking consensus with other local communities, towards merging with the post-war Polish state announced by the Act of 5th November 1916. The Germans backed the creation of small, interdependent Lithuanian and Belarusian states. The Lithuanians however issued a second declaration of independence (16.02.1918), thus becoming the only ones to benefit from Germany's military defeat.

中文翻译：

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死亡痛苦和出生痛苦：1915-1918 年德国占领下立陶宛大公国的继承人

摘要 1915 年成立的 Ober-Ost 政府涵盖了前立陶宛大公国的一部分；德国和俄罗斯争夺的领土，居住着民族和宗教多元化的社会，以波兰犹太城市维尔诺为中心。德国的政策利用立陶宛人和白俄罗斯领导人的民族愿望来解散前波兰立陶宛联邦。与专注于短期利益的白俄罗斯领导人相反，立陶宛政治家在使用看似亲立陶宛和亲白俄罗斯的政策来获得自己的民族国家方面被证明更加足智多谋。德国人在政治活动的权利方面歧视立陶宛波兰人，即使在没有占领者补贴的情况下进行。与当地社会的分裂加剧并使波兰国家政策的支持者受益，但 1915 年维尔诺的支持者寥寥无几。 德国当局成功推动立陶宛波兰人与其他当地社区达成共识，与战后波兰国家合并1916 年 11 月 5 日法案宣布。德国人支持建立相互依存的立陶宛和白俄罗斯小国。然而，立陶宛人发表了第二次独立宣言（16.02.1918），从而成为唯一受益于德国军事失败的人。1916 年 11 月 5 日法案宣布与战后波兰国家合并。德国人支持建立相互依存的立陶宛和白俄罗斯小国。然而，立陶宛人发表了第二次独立宣言（16.02.1918），从而成为唯一受益于德国军事失败的人。1916 年 11 月 5 日法案宣布与战后波兰国家合并。德国人支持建立相互依存的立陶宛和白俄罗斯小国。然而，立陶宛人发表了第二次独立宣言（16.02.1918），从而成为唯一受益于德国军事失败的人。