ABSTRACT This study investigates the emergence and development of business partnerships established by the Mongols and their merchant partners, ortoqs, in the Middle Ages. Ortoqs are known to have conducted trade and money-lending with the capital invested by their partners. This study shows that the contractual arrangements of Mongol–ortoq partnerships closely resembled medieval partnership contracts, such as mudharaba, inan, societas and commenda. Sophisticated concepts of liability in relation to investments and loans were developed in Mongol–ortoq partnerships, promoting trade and investment to facilitate the commercial integration of the Mongol Empire.

中文翻译：

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蒙古帝国中鄂尔图克在建立商业伙伴关系中的作用

摘要 本研究调查了中世纪蒙古人和他们的商人伙伴 ortoqs 建立的商业伙伴关系的出现和发展。众所周知，Ortoqs 用合作伙伴投资的资本进行贸易和放贷。这项研究表明，蒙古-ortoq 合伙企业的合同安排与中世纪的合伙企业合同非常相似，例如mudharaba、inan、societas 和commenda。与投资和贷款相关的复杂责任概念在蒙古-奥尔托克伙伴关系中发展起来，促进了贸易和投资，以促进蒙古帝国的商业一体化。