ABSTRACT Long concerned about its cultural identity in light of dominant American entertainment exports, when Canada concluded its first preferential free trade agreement (FTA) with the United States in 1987, cultural industries were exempted. This general exemption, albeit coupled with a retaliatory clause, was later incorporated into the North American Free Trade Agreement and recently updated into the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement. Such a cultural exemption, this time unconditional or without provisions for retaliation, has also figured in most Canadian FTAs. Yet, in the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement negotiated with the European Union, the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement negotiated with the United States and ten other countries, and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership implemented with these ten countries, Canada does away with an outright cultural exemption. Instead, these FTAs provide for a more targeted exemption, applying only to the chapters or sectors for which such an exemption is sought. Although this marks a departure from a well-established practice, this move is not so radical, as some analysts of Canadian cultural trade policy claim. Such “chapter-by-chapter” approach may indeed be as efficient to preserve cultural industries from key international trade obligations.

中文翻译：

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加拿大在优惠贸易协定中的文化豁免的演变

摘要鉴于美国娱乐出口占主导地位，长期以来一直关注其文化特性，当加拿大于 1987 年与美国签订第一个优惠自由贸易协定 (FTA) 时，文化产业被豁免。这一一般豁免，尽管加上了报复条款，后来被纳入北美自由贸易协定，最近又更新为加拿大-美国-墨西哥协定。这种文化豁免，这次是无条件或没有报复条款，也出现在大多数加拿大自由贸易协定中。然而，在与欧盟谈判的全面经济贸易协定中，与美国和其他十个国家谈判的跨太平洋伙伴关系协定，以及与这十个国家实施的跨太平洋伙伴关系全面进步协议，加拿大取消了彻底的文化豁免。相反，这些自由贸易协定提供了更有针对性的豁免，仅适用于寻求此类豁免的章节或部门。尽管这标志着与既定做法的背离，但这一举措并不像加拿大文化贸易政策的一些分析人士所声称的那样激进。这种“逐章”的方法可能确实有效地保护文化产业免受主要国际贸易义务的影响。尽管这标志着与既定做法的背离，但这一举措并不像加拿大文化贸易政策的一些分析人士所声称的那样激进。这种“逐章”的方法可能确实有效地保护文化产业免受主要国际贸易义务的影响。尽管这标志着与既定做法的背离，但这一举措并不像加拿大文化贸易政策的一些分析人士所声称的那样激进。这种“逐章”的方法可能确实有效地保护文化产业免受主要国际贸易义务的影响。