Various studies have expressed concerns about the decline of religious freedom in Indonesia. These studies suffer from three limitations. First, they inadequately differentiate between various aspects of state–religion relations. Second, they are largely inward looking, overlooking how Indonesia compares with other countries in the world, especially other Muslim countries. Third, they do not explicitly test whether this decline in religious freedom was triggered by the downfall of Soeharto and the more open political and social space that ensued. Applying a synthetic control method to a global data set, the present study shows that Indonesia’s level of state discrimination against religious minorities has not changed much since 1998. The country’s levels of social discrimination and religious legislation, on the other hand, have increased significantly. This suggests that efforts to improve religious freedom in Indonesia should focus on tackling the proliferation of religious bylaws and discrimination by social groups.

中文翻译：

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民主的代价？后苏哈托印度尼西亚的宗教立法和宗教歧视

各种研究都表达了对印度尼西亚宗教自由下降的担忧。这些研究受到三个限制。首先，他们没有充分区分国家与宗教关系的各个方面。其次，他们主要是内向的，忽视了印度尼西亚与世界其他国家，特别是其他穆斯林国家的比较。第三，他们没有明确检验宗教自由的下降是否是由苏哈托的垮台以及随之而来的更加开放的政治和社会空间引发的。本研究将综合控制方法应用于全球数据集，表明自 1998 年以来，印度尼西亚对宗教少数群体的国家歧视水平没有太大变化。 另一方面，该国的社会歧视和宗教立法水平，已显着增加。这表明，印度尼西亚改善宗教自由的努力应侧重于解决宗教章程的泛滥和社会团体的歧视问题。