Focusing on Nashtifan windmills in Razavi Khurasan Province, Iran, the present paper examines these structures in their physical and natural context. This research is directed in two ways: the small-scale that focuses on the windmills as individual manufacturing units and surveys their structural and functional characteristics, and the large-scale that looks at the formation of the windmills in connection with local and regional geographical factors. While laying emphasis on Nashtifan windmills, this paper underlines the significance of the study of the lesser-known windmills distributed across the province, many of which are on the verge of destruction. The examination of several sets of windmills in comparison with one another paves the way for a more detailed exploration of the construction and operation of Nashtifan windmills at the heart of this research.

中文翻译：

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Nashtifan 风车在其环境背景下，伊朗呼罗珊

本文以伊朗拉扎维呼罗珊省的 Nashtifan 风车为重点，从物理和自然环境中研究了这些结构。这项研究有两个方向：小规模将风车作为独立的制造单元并调查其结构和功能特征，以及大尺度结合当地和区域地理因素研究风车的形成. 在强调纳什蒂凡风车的同时，本文强调了研究分布在全省的鲜为人知的风车的重要性，其中许多风车正处于毁灭的边缘。