ABSTRACT All models of legal governance and most regulatory options have to do with ‘top-down’ solutions as an essential ingredient of the approach. Such models may include ‘bottom-up’ forms of self-regulation, such as in forms of ex post regulation, or unenforced self-regulation. This paper focuses on what lies in between such top-down and bottom-up approaches, namely, the middle-out interface of the analysis. Within the EU legal framework, this middle-out layer is mainly associated with forms of co-regulation, as defined by Recital 44 of the 2010 AVMS Directive and Article 5(2) of the GDPR. However, there are also additional models on how we should grasp the middle-out layer of legal regulation, as shown by the debates on the governance of AI and the Web of Data. For example, the debates on issues such as monitored self-regulation, coordination mechanisms for good AI governance, and ‘wind-rose’ models for the Web of Data make it clear that co-regulation is not the only alternative to both bottom-up and top-down approaches. From a methodological viewpoint, the middle-out approach sheds light on three different kinds of issues that regard (i) how to strike a balance between multiple regulatory systems; (ii) how to align primary and secondary rules of the law; and (iii) how to properly coordinate bottom-up and top-down policy choices. The increasing complexity of technological regulation recommends new models of governance that revolve around this middle-out analytical ground.

中文翻译：

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中间出法：评估数据保护、人工智能和数据网络中的法律治理模型

摘要 所有的法律治理模式和大多数监管选择都与“自上而下”的解决方案有关，这是该方法的一个重要组成部分。此类模型可能包括“自下而上”形式的自律，例如事后监管或非强制自律。本文重点介绍这种自上而下和自下而上方法之间的内容，即分析的中间界面。在欧盟法律框架内，这一中间层主要与共同监管形式相关，如 2010 年 AVMS 指令的 Recital 44 和 GDPR 第 5(2) 条所定义。然而，关于我们应该如何把握法律监管的中间层，还有其他模型，如关于人工智能治理和数据网络的辩论所示。例如，关于监督自律等问题的辩论，良好的人工智能治理的协调机制，以及数据网络的“风玫瑰”模型清楚地表明，共同监管并不是自下而上和自上而下方法的唯一替代方案。从方法论的角度来看，中间出法阐明了三种不同的问题，即：(i) 如何在多个监管体系之间取得平衡；(ii) 如何协调主要和次要法律规则；(iii) 如何正确协调自下而上和自上而下的政策选择。技术监管日益复杂，推荐了围绕这一中间分析基础的新治理模式。从方法论的角度来看，中间出法阐明了三种不同的问题，即：(i) 如何在多个监管体系之间取得平衡；(ii) 如何协调主要和次要法律规则；(iii) 如何正确协调自下而上和自上而下的政策选择。技术监管日益复杂，推荐了围绕这一中间分析基础的新治理模式。从方法论的角度来看，中间出路阐明了以下三种不同的问题：(i) 如何在多个监管体系之间取得平衡；(ii) 如何协调主要和次要法律规则；(iii) 如何正确协调自下而上和自上而下的政策选择。技术监管日益复杂，推荐了围绕这一中间分析基础的新治理模式。