I agree with Anja Schwarz and Lars Eckstein that ‘Tupaia’s Map is among the most important artefacts to have come from late 18th-century European–Indigenous encounters in the South Pacific region’ (p. 1). Its sepia and white, two-dimensional scatter of islands hides as much as it reveals – the product of oblique, partial exchanges between navigators who used very different ways of traversing very different seas. Like James Cook, Tupaia was a gifted, highly trained mariner, inheritor of a voyaging tradition that drew upon millennia of experiments in building and equipping robust, durable vessels; finding new lands and recording the routes between them; and learning to survive during long, often dangerous voyages. In each case, the aim of the navigator was to predict weather and storms, to avoid the perils of rocks, reefs and coastlines, to find sheltered anchorages and to make a safe landfall. In familiar seas, they drew on their knowledge of winds, stars, currents and coastlines, and information recorded by those who had sailed before them to avoid capsize or shipwreck. All the same, the differences between the seas that Tupaia and Cook traversed were profound. In 18th-century Tahiti the ocean was a marae, frequented by powerful ancestors, including the winds and the stars. The creator ancestor Ta‘aroa made the first voyaging canoe out of his own body, and islands were once fish that swam through the ocean, hauled up out of the sea by the first ancestral explorers. In their schools of learning, navigators mastered chants that summoned or calmed winds, and at night they followed star ancestors in their sky journeys, guided by the star pillars that marked the locations of particular marae. As Mimi George has described for Taumako navigators, at sea they became their voyaging ancestors (Lata, in this case), impelled by their power. It is no surprise, then, that star navigators were also priests, trained at the great voyaging marae.

中文翻译：

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隐藏的危险：重构图帕亚的图表

我同意安雅·施瓦兹（Anja Schwarz）和拉斯·埃克斯坦（Lars Eckstein）的观点，“图帕亚地图是18世纪晚期在南太平洋地区发生的欧洲与土著相遇事件中最重要的文物之一”（第1页）。它的棕褐色和白色二维散布的岛屿掩盖了它所揭示的尽可能多的东西–导航员之间的倾斜，部分交换的结果，他们使用了非常不同的方式穿越非常不同的海洋。像詹姆士·库克（James Cook）一样，图帕亚（Tupaia）是一位有天赋，训练有素的水手，是航海传统的继承者，该航海传统经历了数千年的建造和装备坚固耐用船只的实验。寻找新土地并记录它们之间的路线；并学会在经常危险的远距离航行中生存。在每种情况下，导航仪的目的都是预测天气和暴风雨，避免岩石，礁石和海岸线的危险，寻找庇护所并安全登陆。在熟悉的海洋中，他们利用对风，恒星，洋流和海岸线的了解，以及从前航行的人所记录的信息来避免倾覆或沉船。尽管如此，图帕亚和库克所穿越的海洋之间的差异是深远的。在18世纪的塔希提岛，海洋是一片马来群岛，强大的祖先经常光顾，包括风和星。创造者祖先塔阿罗阿（Ta'aroa）用自己的身体制作了第一个航海独木舟，而岛屿曾经是游过海洋的鱼，被首批祖先探险者拖出大海。在他们的学习学校中，航海家们掌握了召唤或使风平息的颂歌，到了晚上，他们跟随恒星祖先进行了天空之旅，由标记特定马拉的位置的星柱引导。正如咪咪·乔治（Mimi George）为Taumako航海家所描述的那样，在海上，他们成为了自己的航行祖先（在本例中为拉塔），受到其动力的推动。因此，毫不奇怪的是，星际航海家也是牧师，接受过伟大的航行航海训练。