ABSTRACT

In 2013, Morocco announced the adoption of a new, ‘humane’ migration policy. The implementation of the reform, however, has been characterised by an apparent contradiction: while Morocco has leveraged the humanitarian and international orientation of the policy as a foreign policy tool, this new political framework has not so far been translated into law and has been accompanied by persisting violations of migrants’ rights, especially in border areas. Most literature on the topic observes these discrepancies as a sign of the incomplete or ‘indecisive’ character of Moroccan migration policies. Building on the literature on human rights politics and migration policy, in this article we ask instead: what do these contradictions tell us about the trajectory of the Moroccan state, and its relation to the international human rights regime? These discrepancies, we argue, speak to the process of regime hybridisation that has characterised Morocco’s political transition since the 1990s. Morocco’s transition from authoritarianism to a hybrid political regime has been marked by political openings towards liberalism, social mobilisation, and closer engagement with the international human rights framework, which have helped Morocco recraft its international image as a ‘modern’ and ‘stable’ country. These phenomena, however, have coexisted alongside the survival of practices of authoritarian rule. The National Strategy on Immigration and Asylum (SNIA) conforms to Morocco’s formal alignment to the international human rights regime. However, the lack of legal harmonisation grants the state the flexibility to manoeuvre the policy according to its European and African foreign political interests, thus leaving the progress in terms of migrants’ rights vulnerable to sudden setbacks.

摘要

2013 年，摩洛哥宣布采用新的“人道”移民政策。然而，改革的实施存在明显的矛盾：虽然摩洛哥利用该政策的人道主义和国际导向作为外交政策工具，但这一新的政治框架迄今尚未转化为法律，并伴随着持续侵犯移民权利，特别是在边境地区。大多数关于该主题的文献都将这些差异视为摩洛哥移民政策不完整或“优柔寡断”的标志。在有关人权政治和移民政策的文献的基础上，在本文中，我们反问：这些矛盾告诉我们摩洛哥国家的发展轨迹是什么？以及它与国际人权制度的关系？我们认为，这些差异说明了自 1990 年代以来摩洛哥政治转型的特征的政权混合过程。摩洛哥从威权主义向混合政体过渡的特点是政治上向自由主义开放、社会动员和更密切地参与国际人权框架，这有助于摩洛哥重塑其作为“现代”和“稳定”国家的国际形象。然而，这些现象与威权统治的实践共存。国家移民和庇护战略（SNIA）符合摩洛哥与国际人权制度的正式结盟。然而，